Investigation of wax precipitation in crude oil: Experimental and modeling

Behbahani, Taraneh Jafari; Beigi, Ali Akbar Miran; Taheri, Zahra; Ghanbari, Bahram

doi:10.1016/j.petlm.2015.07.007

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Before the deposition of paraffin wax occurs, paraffin wax will first crystallize or precipitate out from crude oil. The precipitation of paraffin wax occurs in two stages, which are known as nucleation and crystal growth [6][7][8]. Nucleation occurs when the temperature of the crude oil decreases to the wax appearance temperature (WAT).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wax Formation Mechanisms, Wax Chemical Inhibitors and Factors Affecting Chemical Inhibition

2020

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When crude oil is extracted out of a subterranean reservoir at high temperature and pressure, it is usually transported via a pipeline, where the crude oil experiences radical changes in its physical and chemical properties, instigating numerous complications. Among the various flow assurance problems, wax deposition and build up are among the most commonly found. However, the accurate mechanism of wax deposition is still unclear and is widely debated among researchers. The mechanism under multiphase conditions is also an ambiguity. This review covers the six wax deposition mechanisms, the challenges in multiphase flow conditions, the latest types of chemical inhibitor, and a summary of factors governing chemical inhibitor performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These clusters are better known as nuclei, and the formation of these nuclei is defined as nucleation. Homogeneous nucleation takes place in the absence of contaminant or nucleating materials [6]. Meanwhile, heterogeneous nucleation occurs in the presence of nucleating material(s) throughout the liquid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wax Formation Mechanisms, Wax Chemical Inhibitors and Factors Affecting Chemical Inhibition

2020

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“…Low to intermediate melting point waxes mainly consist of n-alkanes ranging from C 20 to C 50 (Jafari Behbahani et al, 2015). They are translucent white to yellow and have a well-defined macrocrystalline structure of large needles or plates, with a melting point in the range of 43 to 68°C, typically around 55°C.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of beeswax adulterated with paraffin and/or stearin/stearic acid when used in apiculture and as food (honeycomb)

2020

EFSA Supporting Publications

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EFSA has established purity criteria and technical specifications for beeswax used in apiculture. The risks to honey bees and humans that are exposed to beeswax adulterated with paraffin and/or stearin/stearic acid and their possible contaminants was assessed. Exposure of honey bees may occur via contact or oral routes and of humans via consumption of honey contaminated with constituents of adulterated beeswax or honeycomb contained in honey pots. EFSA gathered information from various sources, such as scientific literature and the media (MedISys). From the appraisal and statistical analysis of the classic and advanced methods used for beeswax authentication, it is concluded that purity testing should include at least two physico-chemical parameters complemented with advanced analytical methods for a reliably sensitive detection (limit of detection <5%) and quantification of beeswax adulterants. Four exposure scenarios were defined for bees. In the absence of toxicological endpoints, it was not possible to reach a conclusion on the risk posed to bees. However, stearin/stearic acid at certain levels can induce detrimental effects on bee brood. For humans, the working group considered the exposure to waxes (largely consisting of n-alkanes and containing hardly any aromatic compounds with more than two aromatic rings) to be of low concern. The consumption of beeswax adulterated with paraffin would result in an increased exposure to certain contaminants for which a potential concern has already been identified, such us mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons. Exposure to food-grade stearin and its contaminants would not be of concern, although the latter might slightly contribute to the overall exposure to some contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. Since gaps in knowledge and data were found, recommendations are listed to support future risk assessments on the impact of adulterated beeswax on both humans and bees.

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“…The demand for the crude oil kept on increasing as it plays a major role in most of leading industries [1]. It is normally the accumulation of hydrocarbon consisting of waxes, asphaltenes, resins, aromatics and naphthenic [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2024

PPEJ

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Petroleum industry which is well known for its growth facing a major issue in transporting crude oil in the pipeline. The major issue which disrupts the flow in the pipeline is due to the fluctuation of the temperature gradient. The temperature in the pipeline normally falls below the room temperature and even reaches negative Celsius as the crude oil drilled off from oil rig. Certain components which appear in crude oil will tend to solidify or crystalize when the temperature in the pipelines decrease. Wax and asphaltene particle affects the flow properties as it will deposit or precipitate along the wall of pipelines which will block the flow by reducing the diameter of the pipelines. Viscosity will tend to increase when the wax and asphaltene particle precipitate in the crude oil. Hence, chemical injection method is implemented whereby inhibitor composed of three components are mixed together crude oil to measure the reduction of viscosity. The main objective of this research paper is to formulate the optimum ratio of components composed of Poly Octadecyl methacrylate (PODMA), Toluene (TOL), Methylcyclohexane (MCH) to form an inhibitor. The viscosities of the crude oil is recorded at the targeted temperature range which compliance with the Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) of the crude oil. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used before and after conducting the experiments in order to build the model and to get the optimized ratio of the components for the reduction of viscosity. Aspen HYSYS is also used to validate the results obtained from the experimental procedure. The final results show that the optimum ratio for the reduction of viscosity is 30% PODMA, 40% MCH and finally 50% TOL.

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Investigation of wax precipitation in crude oil: Experimental and modeling

Cited by 28 publications

References 19 publications

Wax Formation Mechanisms, Wax Chemical Inhibitors and Factors Affecting Chemical Inhibition

Wax Formation Mechanisms, Wax Chemical Inhibitors and Factors Affecting Chemical Inhibition

Risk assessment of beeswax adulterated with paraffin and/or stearin/stearic acid when used in apiculture and as food (honeycomb)

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