Investigation of the use of fuel cell hybrid systems for different purposes

Abstract

With the increase in global energy demand, air pollution becoming uncontrollable does not fall off the agenda. It is inevitable to use and spread of renewable energy sources to make energy production cleaner, more reliable and sustainable. In studies for this purpose, the use of fuel cell systems comes to the forefront thanks to its many advantages. The use of hybrid systems is becoming more common day by day in order to minimize the efficiency losses that may occur in the energy production, use and waste management process, to ensure energy reliability and to prevent systemic problems. In this study, hybrid systems created with fuel cells are discussed in detail, and examined under three main headings: hybrid systems created with renewable energy sources, created with storage devices, and created for energy recovery. It has been observed that the main purpose of hybrid systems created with renewable energy sources is to ensure energy reliability. In addition, the electrical energy required for the electrolysis of hydrogen used as fuel in fuel cells can be provided by photovoltaic panels or wind turbines, thus eliminating fuel storage and transportation problems. In hybrid systems created with storage devices, it is aimed to prevent instantaneous interruptions in the system by meeting the instantaneous power needed by the system and successful results have been achieved. In the hybrid systems created for energy recovery, it has been seen that it is possible to recover the heat and unburned fuel energy released from the fuel cell with thermophotovoltaic cells, gas turbines and heat exchangers.

Experimental Study on Performance and Emission of an Electric Turbocharged Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine

“…In the early years, hydrogen engines had a low power density and low thermal efficiency. Additionally, there were few hydrogen supply systems and hydrogen fueling infrastructure, − leading to a lack of large-scale commercial application of hydrogen engines. In recent years, with the application of a series of advanced hydrogen engine technologies and the continuous improvement of the hydrogen energy infrastructure, research on hydrogen engines has gradually increased.…”

“…The development of alternative fuels has proven to be an effective method to reduce carbon emissions. − Compared with hydrocarbon fuels, hydrogen does not contain carbon, and there are no carbon emissions when hydrogen is used as fuel. − Additionally, hydrogen boasts abundant sources, a high calorific value, rapid flame propagation, good knock suppression ability, and low pollutant emissions. For these reasons, hydrogen is an excellent alternative fuel for ignited internal combustion engines and is recognized as one of the best potential zero-carbon emission energy sources for vehicle engines in the 21st century. − Transforming a gasoline engine into a hydrogen engine is as simple as installing a hydrogen storage and injection system, along with a cold spark plug, − making it an important technical pathway for promoting the upgrading of traditional engine technology .…”

“… 11 − 14 Compared with hydrocarbon fuels, hydrogen does not contain carbon, and there are no carbon emissions when hydrogen is used as fuel. 15 − 18 Additionally, hydrogen boasts abundant sources, a high calorific value, rapid flame propagation, good knock suppression ability, and low pollutant emissions. For these reasons, hydrogen is an excellent alternative fuel for ignited internal combustion engines 19 and is recognized as one of the best potential zero-carbon emission energy sources for vehicle engines in the 21st century.…”

Modeling and Control of a PEM Fuel Cell Hybrid Energy System Used in a Vehicle with Fuzzy Logic Method

“…In recent years, the development of electric vehicles, the increase in production and usage rates, and the increase in hydrogen fuel production have shown that PEM fuel cells that use hydrogen as fuel can be widely used in electric vehicles in the future. The use of PEM fuel cell electric vehicles (PEMFCEVs) contributes greatly to reducing greenhouse gases in the transportation sector [8]. Because instead of the dirty emissions released by internal combustion engines, only pure water is released as a byproduct of the electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.…”