Investigation of the Relationship between Sagittal Skeletal Nasal Profile Morphology and Malocclusions: A Lateral Cephalometric Film Study

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between skeletal sagittal nasal profile morphology and sagittal skeletal malocclusions. Regarding lateral cephalometric films, the study was conducted in a total of 135 individuals without any prior orthodontic treatment (mean age of 17.91 ± 1.91), including 49 males (mean age 17.91 ± 1.16) and 86 females (mean age 17.78 ± 1.91 years). The groups were divided into two groups as male and female according to gender, and three groups as skeletal Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 according to the Steiner’s ANB angle. In addition, skeletal groups were compared within groups by dividing into two groups of male and female. A total of eight parameters, three skeletal sagittal angular (SNA, SNB, and ANB angles), four nasal linear (R-A, N-A, N-ANS, and N-R distances) and one nasal angular (N1-N2/N2-R angle), were measured on each cephalometric film. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of all measured nasal parameters were calculated. For statistical analysis, independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) were used for normally distributed data, and Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for data that did not show normal distribution. For statistical analysis, p < 0.05 was considered significant. R-A, N-A, and N-ANS linear nasal parameters differed significantly between the male and female groups, which were evaluated regardless of the skeletal groups, with a higher rate in males (p < 0.05). N-R linear nasal parameter showed a statistically significant difference between skeletal malocclusion groups, which were evaluated regardless of gender. N-R distance was found to be significantly longer in skeletal Class 3 individuals than in Class 1 and 2 individuals (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in nasal bone concavity angle in all groups (p > 0.05). R-A and N-A linear nasal parameters showed statistically significant differences between male and female sex groups in all skeletal malocclusion classes (p < 0.05). At first, results showed that males had longer measurements than females in all linear nasal parameters. Second, longer measurements were found in all linear nasal parameters in skeletal Class 3 individuals than those in skeletal Class 1 and Class 2 individuals. Third, the nasal bone concavity angle was greater in skeletal Class 2 individuals than the others.

Cephalometric analysis by Ricketts, McNamara, Steiner and Jarabak

“…Steiner analysis from images obtained from cone beam computed tomography is one of the essential tools today for diagnosis in the area of orthodontics, within this aspect, its high value for the study of points, angles and cephalometric planes allows the prediction of the possible treatment plan for each patient according to the characteristics [23] . The analysis is performed in second dimension and shows no significant differences in the application of a third dimension [24] .…”

“…The analysis helps us to identify the relationship between sagittal skeletal nasal profile morphology and malocclusions where skeletal class 3 individuals have longer nasal linear parameters than skeletal class 1 and skeletal class 2 individuals [24] . However, there is a correlation in the traditional Steiner skeletal and dental measurements with similar measurements in ocular distance and natural head position, this represents a disadvantage for Steiner as the clinician can obtain measurements without the need for Radiation [25] .…”

The Potential Teeth Bleaching and Halitosis Prevention Effects of Pediococcus inopinatus THK-30, a Kimchi-Derived Lactic Acid Bacterium: In Vitro Study

“…This paradigm shift has permeated various aspects of healthcare, including the field of dentistry [ 1 ]. With an increasing emphasis on improving overall well-being, there has been a notable transition from solely addressing dental diseases to meeting aesthetic demands as well [ 2 ]. Specifically, there is growing attention being paid towards addressing halitosis [ 3 ] and bleaching [ 4 ], indicating a broader spectrum of concerns within oral health care.…”

The Association Between Skeletal Facial Types and Third Molars Impaction in a Saudi Arabian Subpopulation: A CBCT Study

“…Various researchers have made significant contributions to the development of diverse cephalometric film analyses, which have been named after them. 11 According to Rickett’s classification, facial types can be categorized as brachyfacial, dolichofacial, and mesiofacial. 12 Brachyfacial individuals have a reduced facial vertical dimension and a wider face, while dolichofacial individuals have longer and narrower faces.…”