Investigation of the effects of quercetin and xenograft on the healing of bone defects: An experimental study

3D-Printed Scaffolds of Porous Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Nanospheres Loaded with Quercetin for Promoting Bone Repair via Synergistic Osteogenesis and Immunoregulation

“…In addition, the results of the expressions of proinflammatory relative genes demonstrated that Que inhibited the polarization of macrophages to the M1 phenotype, which could also indirectly support the inhibition of osteoclast differentiation by Que. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well-known to enhance osteoclast maturation and induce their bone resorption activity, whereas the excellent antioxidant property Que possessed could limit osteoclast-related activities as well. , Therefore, Que not only regulated macrophage polarization but also had the potential to promote osteogenesis by inhibiting the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclasts.…”

“…Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well-known to enhance osteoclast maturation and induce their bone resorption activity, 69 whereas the excellent antioxidant property Que possessed could limit osteoclast-related activities as well. 25,26…”

“…To meet patient needs, a large number of drug delivery particles were designed to address implantation issues. Quercetin (Que), a natural flavonoid compound, exhibits a variety of biological activities such as enhancing osteogenesis, promoting anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, and so on. − Que had been identified as strengthening osteoblasts by positively interacting with bone cells, and its excellent antioxidant property could even slow or inhibit osteoclast activities. − Meanwhile, it had been demonstrated to suppress the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from RAW264.7 cells and further promote mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation. , Based on the evidence presented, Que was deemed a promising and economical solution for promoting bone regeneration and implantation in in situ microenvironment building. Nonetheless, its excellent biological properties were overshadowed by low aqueous solubility and poor stability, thus blocking the application of its efficacy in practical clinical use.…”