Investigation of the Changes in Candida Epidemiology

Abstract

The incidence of fungal infections has increased in recent years. Antifungal resistance is a major problem with increasing frequency due to the widespread use of antifungal agents in infections. Identification of the Candida species and susceptibility patterns with the appropriate tests for resistance and selection of the empirical agents used for treatment are important. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes of the epidemiology of Candida species and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the antifungal agents, isolated in Mycology Laboratory of Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, between 1 January 2009 to 1 July 2012. The study was performed retrospectively based on records in the mycology unit and checked comparatively with the automation system in the hospital. The recurrent reproductions of the same patient were excluded. For the identification of Candida species API®ID 32C (bioMerieux, France) system was used. Information on the isolated material, patient's age, gender and the inpatients' clinics were recorded. The susceptibility of Candida species isolated from blood cultures were studied with Etest (bioMerieux, France) method. A total of 1238 isolates were included in the study. The most common species isolated from clinical samples was C.albicans with a rate of 51.1% (n= 632), followed by C.tropicalis with a rate of 15.8% (n= 195). Among the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) patients C.parapsilosis 42% (n= 17) was the most common isolate and the second most common isolate was C.albicans 32% (n= 13). However, in the adult ICU the most common isolate was C.albicans 34% (n= 13) and the second was C.parapsilosis 31% (n= 12). When the distribution of Candida species were analyzed from the records of last four years, the frequency rate of C.albicans and non-albicans species was found as 51.1% (n= 632) and %48.9 (n= 606), respectively. Based on these data, a comparison was made between the years and no difference between the two groups in terms of the distribution of fungi within the specified time (x²: 3.2, df: 1, p: 0.073) was determined. Of the Candida species isolated from blood cultures, seven isolates (2.2%) were resistant to fluconazole in the study period. The differences of MIC levels in fluconazole were detected between the years 2010-2012 and 2011-2012. The geometric mean of the MICs in 2012 increased significantly compared to 2010 and 2011 (p< 0.01). There was no resistance to amphotericin B except for intrinsically resistant Candida lusitaniae. There were no significant differences among amphotericin MIC values between years (p> 0.05). According to the sensitivity results, fluconazole is still seen as an option that can be used for the first choice. Although it remains as the first antifungal choice, antifungal susceptibility testing of the identified fungi will help the clinician for the plan and continuation of the treatment.

Comparisons of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19 and Their Antibacterial Susceptibility with the Period Before the Pandemic

“…'nın (21) çalışmasında, yoğun bakım hastalarından izole edilen kandida türlerinin en sık idrar (%62.1), kan (%13.6), alt solunum yolu (%8.7) örneklerinden elde edildiği bildirilmiştir. Türkiye'de yapılan bir çalışmada idrar kültürlerinde C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis'in en sık izole edilen kandida türleri olduğu bildirilmiştir (22). Segrelles-Calvo ve ark.…”

Epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Infections

“…Ülkemizde de literatürle benzer olarak, Candida türleri içinde C. albicans çoğunlukta olsa da albicans dışı Candida'ların son iki dekadda arttığı (%53.7-62.8) görülmektedir. Çalışmalar, yapıldıkları hastane, hasta grupları ve üniteye göre farklılıklar göstermekle birlikte, kandidemilerde en sık saptanan albicans dışı etkenin C. parapsilosis olduğu ve yoğun bakım ünitesinde yatan ve invazif araç kullanımı olan hastalarda daha sık saptandığı belirlenmiştir (12,(30)(31)(32).…”

Distribution and antifungal resistance rate of yeast isolated from various samples

“…In addition, it can cause infections affecting many organs and systems, especially in immunosuppressed individuals with chronic diseases who need to be hospitalized for a long time. The clinical picture varies according to the site of infection (1,2,3,4,5).…”

“…For any reason, the decrease in white blood cells in the blood, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, intensive use of antibiotics, diabetes, conditions requiring long-term hospitalization, and systemic steroid use are the main ones. Conditions in which the immune system is over-suppressed for any reason may predispose to the emergence of systemic and serious candida infections (1,4,6,7).…”

“…Research shows that the widespread use of empirical anti fungi in the treatment of fungal infections has led to the emergence of resistant fungal isolates (8). This situation increases the need for in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests for widespread and effective antifungal treatment, selection of drugs to be used in treatment according to test results, and monitoring of sensitivity test results and monitoring of resistance developments (1,11,12,13,14,15,16).…”