Investigation of synthesis and processing of cellulose, cellulose acetate and poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers incorporating anti-cancer/tumor drug cis-diammineplatinum (II) dichloride using electrospinning techniques

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>A model anti-cancer/tumor drug cis-diammineplatinum (II) dichloride (cisplatin) was loaded into micro- and nanofibers of cellulose, cellulose acetate (CA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), using various electrospinning techniques. Single-nozzle electrospinning was used to fabricate neat fibers of each category. Drug loading in cellulose fibers was performed using single-nozzle electrospinning. Encapsulation of cisplatin in CA and PEO-based fibers was performed using coaxial electrospinning. Morphological analysis of the fibers was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The various categories of fibers exhibited diverse morphological features depending on the material compositions and applied process parameters. The drug-loaded cellulose nanofibers showed attached particles on the surface. These particles were composed of both the polymer and the drug. The CA-cisplatin fibers exhibited drug encapsulation within various diverse morphological conformations: hierarchical structures such as straw-sheaf-shaped particles, dendritic branched nanofibers and swollen fibers with large beads. However, in the case of PEO fibers, drug encapsulation was observed inside repeating dumbbell-shaped structures. Morphological development of the fibers and corresponding mode of drug encapsulation were correlated with process parameters such as applied voltage, concentrations and relative feed rates of the solutions and conductivities of the solvents.</jats:p>

Blend electrospinning, coaxial electrospinning, and emulsion electrospinning techniques

“…Coaxial electrospinning was successfully used for delivery of broad spectrum of drugs. Core-shell fibers were prepared for delivery of antiinflammatory and analgesic drugs (i.e., ketoprofen [61,63,64], acetaminophen [65], ibuprofen [62,66,67]), antimicrobial drugs (i.e., metronidazole [68,69], amoxicillin [70], curcumin [71], ampicillin [72], ciprofloxacin [73], tetracycline [74,75], vancomycin [76]), and anticancer drugs (i.e., cis-platinum [77], doxorubicin [78], paclitaxel [79,80], and 5fluorouracyl [79,81]). Core/shell electrospinning is used for these molecules mainly because of prolongation of their release times.…”

Encapsulation of Anticancer Drugs (5-Fluorouracil and Paclitaxel) into Polycaprolactone (PCL) Nanofibers and In Vitro Testing for Sustained and Targeted Therapy

“…Electrospinning using special coaxial spinneret can overcome this limitation by encapsulating the drug within the nanofiber polymer matrix. 42, 43 The coaxial electrospinning technique 44–47 is found to be more useful in loading of various drug, and bioactive agents in polymers, which are forced through a coaxial capillary channel for electrospinning in presence of applied potential. Investigations have indicated that the coaxial technique of drug delivery systems is particularly useful to protect the drugs, which are easily denatured or decomposed during electrospinning of nanofibrous scaffolds.…”

Polymeric Nanofibers for Drug Delivery Applications: A Recent Review

“…Currently, drug encapsulation is possible only with biodegradable and biocompatible polymers such as some natural polymers (chitosan, cellulose, etc.) [ 81 , 82 ] and synthetic polymers (polycaprolactone, polyvinyl acetate, etc.) [ 83 , 84 ].…”