Investigation of span-chordwise bending anisotropy of honeybee forewings

Ning, Jianguo; Yun, Ma; Ren, Huilan; Zhang, Peng-Fei

doi:10.1242/bio.022541

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…5). The latter finding is consistent to previous findings in honeybees suggesting that insect wings are stiffer during the downstroke, when inertial and aerodynamic forces pull at the dorsal wing side during flapping motion (Ma et al, 2017; Ning et al, 2017). A simulation of vein joints in dragonflies suggests that joint spikes and the asymmetric structure of joints are potential sources of anisotropy in the chordwise flexural stiffness of insect wings (Rajabi et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The latter finding was also demonstrated by finite element modeling of corrugated wings during out-of-plane transversal loading (Li et al, 2009). Other mechanical features of insect wings include dorso-ventral anisotropy (Combes and Daniel, 2003a,b; Ma et al, 2017; Ning et al, 2017) and a gradient in wing stiffness from base to tip (Steppan, 2000; Lehmann et al, 2011; Moses et al, 2017). Since spanwise is typically larger than chordwise stiffness (Combes and Daniel, 2003a; Ning et al, 2017), wings often twist at the stroke reversals when forces peak within the flapping cycle (Ning et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local deformation and stiffness distribution in fly wings

et al. 2019

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Mechanical properties of insect wings are essential for insect flight aerodynamics. During wing flapping, wings may undergo tremendous deformations, depending on the wings’ spatial stiffness distribution. We here show an experimental evaluation of wing stiffness in three species of flies using a micro-force probe and an imaging method for wing surface reconstruction. Vertical deflection in response to point loads at 11 characteristic points on the wing surface reveals that average spring stiffness of bending lines between wing hinge and point loads varies ∼77-fold in small fruit flies and up to ∼28-fold in large blowflies. The latter result suggests that local wing deformation depends to a considerable degree on how inertial and aerodynamic forces are distributed on the wing surface during wing flapping. Stiffness increases with an increasing body mass, amounting to ∼0.6 Nm−1 in fruit flies, ∼0.7 Nm−1 in house flies and ∼2.6 Nm−1 in blowflies for bending lines, running from the wing base to areas near the center of aerodynamic pressure. Wings of house flies have a ∼1.4-fold anisotropy in mean stiffness for ventral versus dorsal loading, while anisotropy is absent in fruit flies and blowflies. We present two numerical methods for calculation of local surface deformation based on surface symmetry and wing curvature. These data demonstrate spatial deformation patterns under load and highlight how veins subdivide wings into functional areas. Our results on wings of living animals differ from previous experiments on detached, desiccated wings and help to construct more realistic mechanical models for testing the aerodynamic consequences of specific wing deformations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local deformation and stiffness distribution in fly wings

et al. 2019

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“…The wing's veins and membranes keep enough strength against loads during the flight [13], while these structures allow their characteristic deformations such as the twisting and the cambering [11,46], which improve the aerodynamic performance [22][23][24][25]27,31]. Recent advances on this topic such as References [18,19] will improve the understanding for the material mechanics of the insects' wings.…”

Section: Model Wing For the Fluid-structure Interaction Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the pitching motion will be the kinematical basis of the aerodynamics of the insect flapping flight [12]. The insect wings and their base are flexible [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Hence, their flapping motion with the large stroke angle [20] causes their deformation due to the aerodynamic force from the surrounding air, and their deformation causes the change of the surrounding air flow, which results in the change of the aerodynamic force.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Approach for the Fluid-Structure Interaction Design of Insect-Inspired Micro Flapping Wings

Ishihara

2022

Fluids

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A flight device for insect-inspired flapping wing nano air vehicles (FWNAVs), which consists of the micro wings, the actuator, and the transmission, can use the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) to create the characteristic motions of the flapping wings. This design will be essential for further miniaturization of FWNAVs, since it will reduce the mechanical and electrical complexities of the flight device. Computational approaches will be necessary for this biomimetic concept because of the complexity of the FSI. Hence, in this study, a computational approach for the FSI design of insect-inspired micro flapping wings is proposed. This approach consists of a direct numerical modeling of the strongly coupled FSI, the dynamic similarity framework, and the design window (DW) search. The present numerical examples demonstrated that the dynamic similarity framework works well to make different two FSI systems with the strong coupling dynamically similar to each other, and this framework works as the guideline for the systematic investigation of the effect of characteristic parameters on the FSI system. Finally, an insect-inspired micro flapping wing with the 2.5-dimensional structure was designed using the proposed approach such that it can create the lift sufficient to support the weight of small insects. The existing area of satisfactory design solutions or the DW increases the fabricability of this wing using micromachining techniques based on the photolithography in the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Hence, the proposed approach will contribute to the further miniaturization of FWNAVs.

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“…(A) Honeybee wing-coupling pattern 5. (A-i) Schematic of the coupled fore-and hindwings of the honeybee 18,19. The coupling structure is located within the red rectangle.FW: forewing, HW: hindwing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%