Investigation of silver diffusion in TiO2/Ag/TiO2 coatings

Kulczyk-Malecka, Justyna; Kelly, Peter; West, G.T.; Clarke, Gregory; Ridealgh, J.A.; Almtoft, Klaus Pagh; Greer, A.L.; Barber, Z. H.

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2013.11.030

Cited by 86 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(12 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For comparison, the results obtained in this work are also included in Table 1. It is evident that the diffusivity of Ag on the outmost surface of the TiO 2 nanotubes is three orders of magnitude larger than the results reported by Kulczyk-Malecka et al [41] for the sandwich structure of TiO 2 /Ag/TiO 2 coatings, and the activation energy is also larger than that given by Kulczyk-Malecka et al [41]. Such differences reveal the effect of the microstructure on the diffusion behavior of Ag.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The TiO 2 in TiO 2 /Ag/TiO 2 coatings was present in the form of thin film and amorphous phase. Also, the time of the heat treatment for the measurement of the diffusivity was 5 min [41], which is much less than the time used in this work. It is interesting to note that the diffusivity obtained in this work is compatible with the diffusivity for the grain boundary diffusion of Ag with the activation energy being less than that for the lattice diffusion of Ag and larger than that for the grain boundary diffusion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fast diffusion of silver in TiO₂ nanotube arrays

Zhang¹,

Liu²,

Zhou³

et al. 2016

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryUsing magnetron sputtering and heat treatment, Ag@TiO2 nanotubes are prepared. The effects of heat-treatment temperature and heating time on the evolution of Ag nanofilms on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes and microstructure of Ag nanofilms are investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Ag atoms migrate mainly on the outmost surface of the TiO2 nanotubes, and fast diffusion of Ag atoms is observed. The diffusivity for the diffusion of Ag atoms on the outmost surface of the TiO2 nanotubes at 400 °C is 6.87 × 10−18 m2/s, which is three orders of magnitude larger than the diffusivities for the diffusion of Ag through amorphous TiO2 films. The activation energy for the diffusion of Ag atoms on the outmost surface of the TiO2 nanotubes in the temperature range of 300 to 500 °C is 157 kJ/mol, which is less than that for the lattice diffusion of Ag and larger than that for the grain boundary diffusion. The diffusion of Ag atoms leads to the formation of Ag nanocrystals on the outmost surface of TiO2 nanotubes. Probably there are hardly any Ag nanocrystals formed inside the TiO2 nanotubes through the migration of Ag.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast diffusion of silver in TiO₂ nanotube arrays

Zhang¹,

Liu²,

Zhou³

et al. 2016

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Numerous D/ Ag/D multilayers with different oxides have been investigated, including SnO 2 /Ag/SnO 2 , 8 Nb 2 O 5 /Ag/ Nb 2 O 5 , 9 TiInZnO/Ag/TiInZnO, 10 MoO 3 /Ag/MoO 3 , 11 WO 3 /Ag/WO 3 , 12 Al-doped ZnO(AZO)/Ag/AZO, 13 Al 2 O 3 /Ag/Al 2 O 3 , 14 ZrON/Ag/ZrON, 15 ZnSnO/Ag/ ZnSnO, 16 and TiO 2 /Ag/TiO 2 . 17,18 In particular, ZnO/ Ag/ZnO multilayers have been extensively studied by many researchers, [19][20][21][22][23][24] because ZnO is nontoxic, 25 cheap, 26 and abundant in nature; 27 For example, Sahu et al 20 investigated the optical and electrical properties of ZnO/Ag/ZnO multilayer electrodes as functions of the ZnO and Ag thicknesses, reporting that the optimum thickness of Ag thin films was 6 nm for high optical trans-(Received November 18, 2014; accepted April 23, 2015) mittance and good electrical conductivity, e.g., sheet resistance as low as 3 X/sq and transmittance of 90% at 580 nm. Mohamed 21 investigated the effect of Ag and ZnO top layer thickness on the physical properties of ZnO/Ag/ZnO multilayer electrodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Highly Transparent and Low-Resistance Indium-Free ZnO/Ag/ZnO Multilayer Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaic Devices

Kim

et al. 2015

Journal of Elec Materi

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We investigated the effect of ZnO layer thickness on the optical and electrical properties of ZnO/Ag/ZnO multilayer films deposited on glass substrates. The transmission window became wider and shifted toward the lower energy side with increasing ZnO thickness. The ZnO/Ag/ZnO (40 nm/18.8 nm/40 nm) multilayer sample showed transmittance of $96% at 550 nm. As the ZnO thickness was increased from 8 nm to 80 nm, the carrier concentration gradually decreased from 1.74 9 10 22 cm À3 to 4.33 9 10 21 cm À3 , while the charge mobility varied from 23.8 cm 2 /V-s to 24.8 cm 2 /V-s. With increasing ZnO thickness, the samples exhibited similar sheet resistances of 3.6 X/sq to 3.9 X/sq, but the resistivity increased by a factor of 4.58. The samples showed smooth surfaces with root-mean-square roughness in the range of 0.47 nm to 0.94 nm. Haacke's figure of merit (FOM) was calculated for all the samples; the ZnO (40 nm)/Ag (18.8 nm)/ZnO (40 nm) multilayer produced the highest FOM of 148.9 9 10 À3 X À1 .

show abstract

“…However, advanced devices such as OLEDs and organic photovoltaic cells require new TCO films with lower electrical resistivity and higher optical transmittance in the visible region. Recent investigations show dielectric/metal/dielectric (D/M/D) multilayer structures [13][14][15][16][17][18]. In these structures, the electrical conductivity is improved by very thin metal films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%