Investigation of nonlinearity in piezoelectric transducers

Liu, YaoYang; Ozaki, Ryosuke; Morita, Takeshi

doi:10.1016/j.sna.2015.03.036

Cited by 29 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The same applies for

s_{11}^{E}

and

s_{33}^{E}

, as well as for

d_{31}

and

d_{33}

, if the relative instead of the absolute changes are considered. The increase of the coupling coefficients and the elastic compliances can be accurately fitted by a quadratic expression (

X

k_{31}

k_{33}

s_{11}^{E}

, or

s_{33}^{E}

) (Figure ):

Δ X / X = α v^{2},

as it was previously predicted by empirical models and nonlinearity models . Thereby,

α

is the proportionality constant indicating the coefficient's stability under high‐power drive.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…The same applies for s E 11 and s E 33 , as well as for d 31 as it was previously predicted by empirical models 38 and nonlinearity models. 17,24 Thereby, is the proportionality constant indicating the coefficient's stability under high-power drive. Please note that the larger error bars of the small-signal k 31 , s E 33 , and coefficients result from the scattering of the high impedance values of the samples around the antiresonance.…”

Section: Piezoelectric Coefficients-(31) (33) and (P) Modementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reported high‐power measurement methods can be divided into two groups, which can be labeled as impedance spectroscopy methods and pulse drive methods . Impedance analysis around the resonance,

f_{R}

, and antiresonance,

f_{A}

, frequencies is a well‐known technique for small‐signal piezoelectric measurements; however, the high energy input leads to strong sample heating when large signals are applied and the appearance of peak distortion prohibits a direct calculation of the coefficients .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anisotropy of the high‐power piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃

Slabki

Weber

et al. 2019

J Am Ceram Soc

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Piezoceramics are widely‐used in high‐power applications, whereby the material is driven in the vicinity of the resonance frequency with high electric fields. Evaluating material's performance at these conditions requires the consideration of inherent nonlinearity, anisotropy, and differences between individual vibration modes. In this work, the relation between electromechanical properties at large vibration velocity and the utilized vibration mode is investigated for a prototype hard piezoceramic. The nonlinear behavior is determined using a combined three‐stage pulse drive method, which enables the analysis of resonant and antiresonant conditions and the calculation of electromechanical parameters. The deviations of coupling coefficients, compliances, and piezoelectric coefficients at high‐power drive were found to be strongest for the transverse length vibration mode. Differences in the mechanical quality factors were observed only between the planar and transverse length modes, which were rationalized by the different strain distribution profiles and the contribution of different loss tensor components. In addition, the influence of the measurement configuration was investigated and a correction method is proposed. The differences between vibration modes are further confirmed by heat generation measurements under continuous drive, which revealed that the strongest heat generation appears in the radial mode, while transverse and longitudinal length modes show similar temperature increase. Piezoceramics are widely‐used in high‐power applications, whereby the material is driven in the vicinity of the resonance frequency with high electric fields. Evaluating material's performance at these conditions requires the consideration of inherent nonlinearity, anisotropy, and differences between individual vibration modes. In this work, the relation between electromechanical properties at large vibration velocity and the utilized vibration mode is investigated for a prototype hard piezoceramic. The nonlinear behavior is determined using a combined three‐stage pulse drive method, which enables the analysis of resonant and antiresonant conditions and the calculation of electromechanical parameters. The deviations of coupling coefficients, compliances, and piezoelectric coefficients at high‐power drive were found to be strongest for the transverse length vibration mode. Differences in the mechanical quality factors were observed only between the planar and transverse length modes, which were rationalized by the different strain distribution profiles and the contribution of different loss tensor components. In addition, the influence of the measurement configuration was investigated and a correction method is proposed. The differences between vibration modes are further confirmed by heat generation measurements under continuous drive, which revealed that the strongest heat generation appears in the radial mode, while transverse and longitudinal length modes show similar temperature increase.

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“…The same applies for

s_{11}^{E}

and

s_{33}^{E}

, as well as for

d_{31}

and

d_{33}

, if the relative instead of the absolute changes are considered. The increase of the coupling coefficients and the elastic compliances can be accurately fitted by a quadratic expression (

X

k_{31}

k_{33}

s_{11}^{E}

, or

s_{33}^{E}

) (Figure ):

Δ X / X = α v^{2},

as it was previously predicted by empirical models and nonlinearity models . Thereby,

α

is the proportionality constant indicating the coefficient's stability under high‐power drive.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Piezoelectric Coefficients-(31) (33) and (P) Modementioning

confidence: 99%

f_{R}

, and antiresonance,

f_{A}

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Anisotropy of the high‐power piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃

Slabki

Weber

et al. 2019

J Am Ceram Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Sub-harmonic vibration was caused by contact of the vibrating plate and the horn of the transducer, and the source of super-harmonic vibration was determined to be through a distortion of the waveform of the contact force [21]. In a number of these studies, constitutive equations of system components such as the piezoelectric element or the equations used to describe the resonance or motion of the transducer under excitation are adapted in order to model the dynamic nonlinearity [16], [21], [40]. A further example is the linear piecewise model of an impact oscillator which has been used to simulate tapping dynamics related to the cubic nonlinearity in the system [41].…”

Section: Analytical Representation Of Nonlinearitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Nonlinearity in Piezoelectric Flexural Ultrasonic Transducers

et al. 2019

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The flexural ultrasonic transducer is a unimorph device which typically comprises a piezoelectric ceramic bonded to a metallic membrane. It is widely applied in industrial applications for metrology and proximity sensing. However, the electromechanical and dynamic characteristics of this class of transducer have only recently been reported, and the influence of different excitation levels on dynamic nonlinearity remains unclear. Dynamic nonlinearity in high-power piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers is familiar, where the performance or dynamic stability of the transducer can significantly reduce under high amplitudes of excitation. Nonlinearity can manifest as measurable phenomena such as resonance frequency drift, influenced by thermomechanical phenomena or structural constraints. There is relatively little reported science of the dynamic nonlinearity in the vibration response of flexural ultrasonic transducers. This study examines the vibration responses of four flexural ultrasonic transducers, showing the existence of dynamic nonlinearity for increases in excitation voltage. An analytical solution of the governing equations of motion for the flexural ultrasonic transducer is presented which complements the experimental investigation, and suggests a close relationship between material properties and nonlinearity. This research demonstrates a detailed dynamic characterization of the flexural ultrasonic transducer, showing the potential for the optimization of dynamic performance in industrial measurement applications.

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“…One application in which nonlinearity is becoming increasingly important is in piezoelectric thin-film devices such as resonators [6] and transducers [7][8][9]. In the piezoelectric effect, an applied mechanical stress produces an electric field; in the inverse effect, an applied electric field produces a strain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of nonlinear piezoelectric coefficients using a micromechanical resonator

Boales

Erramilli

Mohanty

2018

Applied Physics Letters

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We describe and demonstrate a method by which the nonlinear piezoelectric properties of a piezoelectric material may be measured by detecting the force that it applies on a suspended micromechanical resonator at one of its mechanical resonance frequencies. Resonators are used in countless applications; this method could provide a means for better-characterizing material behaviors within real MEMS devices. Further, special devices can be designed to probe this nonlinear behavior at specific frequencies with enhanced signal sizes. The resonators used for this experiment are actuated using a 1-µm-thick layer of aluminum nitride. When driven at large amplitudes, the piezoelectric layer generates harmonics, which are measurable in the response of the resonator. In this experiment, we measured the second-order piezoelectric coefficient of aluminum nitride to be −(23.1 ± 14.1) × 10 −22 m/V 2 .

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Investigation of nonlinearity in piezoelectric transducers

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

Anisotropy of the high‐power piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃

Anisotropy of the high‐power piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃

Dynamic Nonlinearity in Piezoelectric Flexural Ultrasonic Transducers

Measurement of nonlinear piezoelectric coefficients using a micromechanical resonator

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Investigation of nonlinearity in piezoelectric transducers

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

Anisotropy of the high‐power piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3

Anisotropy of the high‐power piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3

Dynamic Nonlinearity in Piezoelectric Flexural Ultrasonic Transducers

Measurement of nonlinear piezoelectric coefficients using a micromechanical resonator

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Product

Resources

About

Anisotropy of the high‐power piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃

Anisotropy of the high‐power piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃