Anisotropy of the high‐power piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃

Abstract

Piezoceramics are widely‐used in high‐power applications, whereby the material is driven in the vicinity of the resonance frequency with high electric fields. Evaluating material's performance at these conditions requires the consideration of inherent nonlinearity, anisotropy, and differences between individual vibration modes. In this work, the relation between electromechanical properties at large vibration velocity and the utilized vibration mode is investigated for a prototype hard piezoceramic. The nonlinear behavior is determined using a combined three‐stage pulse drive method, which enables the analysis of resonant and antiresonant conditions and the calculation of electromechanical parameters. The deviations of coupling coefficients, compliances, and piezoelectric coefficients at high‐power drive were found to be strongest for the transverse length vibration mode. Differences in the mechanical quality factors were observed only between the planar and transverse length modes, which were rationalized by the different strain distribution profiles and the contribution of different loss tensor components. In addition, the influence of the measurement configuration was investigated and a correction method is proposed. The differences between vibration modes are further confirmed by heat generation measurements under continuous drive, which revealed that the strongest heat generation appears in the radial mode, while transverse and longitudinal length modes show similar temperature increase. Piezoceramics are widely‐used in high‐power applications, whereby the material is driven in the vicinity of the resonance frequency with high electric fields. Evaluating material's performance at these conditions requires the consideration of inherent nonlinearity, anisotropy, and differences between individual vibration modes. In this work, the relation between electromechanical properties at large vibration velocity and the utilized vibration mode is investigated for a prototype hard piezoceramic. The nonlinear behavior is determined using a combined three‐stage pulse drive method, which enables the analysis of resonant and antiresonant conditions and the calculation of electromechanical parameters. The deviations of coupling coefficients, compliances, and piezoelectric coefficients at high‐power drive were found to be strongest for the transverse length vibration mode. Differences in the mechanical quality factors were observed only between the planar and transverse length modes, which were rationalized by the different strain distribution profiles and the contribution of different loss tensor components. In addition, the influence of the measurement configuration was investigated and a correction method is proposed. The differences between vibration modes are further confirmed by heat generation measurements under continuous drive, which revealed that the strongest heat generation appears in the radial mode, while transverse and longitudinal length modes show similar temperature increase.

Direct observation of domain wall motion and lattice strain dynamics in ferroelectrics under high-power resonance

“…1). The samples were driven by a pulse with 5000-10 000 cycles and the electromechanical coefficients were derived from the transient vibration decay after short-circuiting the sample, as described elsewhere [27,28]. The low number of driving cycles prevented the sample´s self-heating.…”

“…2(a) and 2(b)] was carried out at different electric field amplitudes and the corresponding resonance frequencies to achieve the desired vibration velocity [according to Eq. (1) in [28]; Table S1 of the Supplemental Material [29]]; the second set was carried out as a sweep across different frequencies using a constant electric field amplitude [Figs. 2(c) and 2(d)].…”

A Dumbbell Shaped Piezoelectric Motor Driven by the First-Order Torsional and the First-Order Flexural Vibrations

“…The working frequency and the preload were set to 4.678 kHz and 600 N, respectively. The working frequency was slightly smaller than the resonance frequency dominantly because the vibration loss and the PZT's elastic compliance become larger with increasing voltage [32,33]. When the voltage had the zero-to-peak amplitude of 250 V, the motor yielded the maximal rotation speed of 125 r/min and the torque of 4.3 Nm.…”

Analytical modeling of k33 mode partial electrode configuration for loss characterization

“…Also, the users can avoid specimen setup issue. When the sample is clamped in the vibration direction on the Standard 𝑘𝑘 33 specimen, a distortion of admittance spectrum can happen due to the sample vibration constraint [11,14]. Furthermore, due to the length consideration of the side part, the parameter distortion effect due to fringing electric field is smaller than the standard sample [11], and PE enable direct determination of intensive elastic properties by putting electrode on the side.…”