Investigation of NH<sub>3</sub> Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions

Huai, Tao; Durbin, Thomas D.; Miller, John W.; Pisano, John T.; Sauer, Claudia G.; Rhee, Sam H.; Norbeck, Joseph M.

doi:10.1021/es030403+

Cited by 109 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The slope of 0.023 ([NH 3 ] / [CO]) is close to values previously reported (Livingston et al, 2009). NH 3 emission factors from vehicles in the literature are in the range of 0 to 0.144 g km −1 depending on various factors such as fuel type, driving cycle, vehicle engine power, engine temperature, and catalyst aging (Durbin et al, 2002;Huai et al, 2003). Therefore, differences in slopes among studies are to be expected.…”

Section: Nhsupporting

confidence: 84%

Long-path measurements of pollutants and micrometeorology over Highway 401 in Toronto

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Traffic emissions contribute significantly to urban air pollution. Measurements were conducted over Highway 401 in Toronto, Canada, with a long-path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer combined with a suite of micrometeorological instruments to identify and quantify a range of air pollutants. Results were compared with simultaneous in situ observations at a roadside monitoring station, and with output from a special version of the operational Canadian air quality forecast model (GEM-MACH). Elevated mixing ratios of ammonia (0-23 ppb) were observed, of which 76 % were associated with traffic emissions. Hydrogen cyanide was identified at mixing ratios between 0 and 4 ppb. Using a simple dispersion model, an integrated emission factor of on average 2.6 g km −1 carbon monoxide was calculated for this defined section of Highway 401, which agreed well with estimates based on vehicular emission factors and observed traffic volumes. Based on the same dispersion calculations, vehicular average emission factors of 0.04, 0.36, and 0.15 g km −1 were calculated for ammonia, nitrogen oxide, and methanol, respectively.

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Section: Nhsupporting

confidence: 84%

Long-path measurements of pollutants and micrometeorology over Highway 401 in Toronto

et al. 2017

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“…Although NH 3 emissions are known to be driving mode dependent, there is not an obvious explanation for the elevated emissions of the newest model year vehicles on Sherman Way (Huai et al, 2003). The other half of the difference with San Jose and Fresno means is caused by the increased age of the Sherman Way fleet, which has shifted the vehicle distribution to higher NH 3 emissions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multispecies remote sensing measurements of vehicle emissions on Sherman Way in Van Nuys, California

Bishop

Schuchmann

Stedman

et al. 2012

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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As part of the 2010 Van Nuys tunnel study, researchers from the University of Denver measured on-road fuel-specific light-duty vehicle emissions from nearly 13,000 vehicles on Sherman Way (0.4 miles west of the tunnel) in Van Nuys, California, with its multispecies Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test (FEAT) remote sensor a week ahead of the tunnel measurements. The remote sensing mean gram per kilogram carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and oxide of nitrogen (NO x ) measurements are 8.9% lower, 41% higher, and 24% higher than the tunnel measurements, respectively. The remote sensing CO/NO x and HC/NO x mass ratios are 28% lower and 20% higher than the comparable tunnel ratios. Comparisons with the historical tunnel measurements show large reductions in CO, HC, and NO x over the past 23 yr, but little change in the HC/NO x mass ratio since 1995. The fleet CO and HC emissions are increasingly dominated by a few gross emitters, with more than a third of the total emissions being contributed by less than 1% of the fleet. An example of this is a 1995 vehicle measured three times with an average HC emission of 419 g/kg fuel (twostroke snowmobiles average 475 g/kg fuel), responsible for 4% of the total HC emissions. The 2008 economic downturn dramatically reduced the number of new vehicles entering the fleet, leading to an age increase (>1 model year) of the Sherman Way fleet that has increased the fleet's ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions. The mean NH 3 levels appear little changed from previous measurements collected in the Van Nuys tunnel in 1993. Comparisons between weekday and weekend data show few fleet differences, although the fraction of light-duty diesel vehicles decreased from the weekday (1.7%) to Saturday (1.2%) and Sunday (0.6%).Implications: On-road remote sensing emission measurements of light-duty vehicles on Sherman Way in Van Nuys, California, show large historical emission reductions for CO and HC emissions despite an older fleet arising from the 2008 economic downturn. Fleet CO and HC emissions are increasingly dominated by a few gross emitters, with a single 1995 vehicle measured being responsible for 4% of the entire fleet's HC emissions. Finding and repairing and/or scrapping as little as 2% of the fleet would reduce on-road tailpipe emissions by as much as 50%. Ammonia emissions have locally increased with the increasing fleet age.

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“…NH 3 is ubiquitous and the major gas phase base in the atmosphere. Tropospheric NH 3 mixing ratios ([NH 3 ]) range from several parts per trillion by volume (pptv) up to several hundreds ppbv and sometimes even up to several hundreds ppmv levels [Gilliland et al, 2003;Herndon et al, 2005;Huai et al, 2003;Li et al, 2006;Nowak et al, 2007], depending on the proximity to emission sources, altitude, and acidity of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. NH 3 can lower the partial pressure of H 2 SO 4 vapor above the solution surface [Scott and Cattell, 1979] and therefore, can enhance nucleation rates of H 2 SO 4 particles, as demonstrated by laboratory observations [Ball et al, 1999;Benson et al, 2009].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: An atmospheric observation

Erupe¹,

Benson²,

Li³

et al. 2010

J. Geophys. Res.

115

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[1] New particle formation (NPF) occurs in various atmospheric environments, and these newly formed particles have the potential to grow to cloud condensation nuclei. But at present it is unclear which chemical species are involved in aerosol nucleation and growth, in part because there are only a limited number of simultaneous measurements of aerosol precursors and aerosol size distributions. Observations of ambient aerosol size distributions, sulfuric acid, and ammonia were made for over a year in Kent, Ohio, a relatively less polluted continental environment. Particle sizes in the diameter range from 3 to 1000 nm were measured continuously through the whole year, while sulfuric acid and ammonia were measured seasonally with two chemical ionization mass spectrometers. Strong NPF events were more frequently found during the spring and fall and less frequently during the summer and winter. The median of measured sulfuric acid was higher in spring (5.2 × 10 6 cm −3 ) and summer (2.9 × 10 6 cm −3 ) than in winter (6 × 10 5 cm −3 ) and fall (5 × 10 5 cm −3 ). We have used the inverse model Particle Growth and Nucleation to derive aerosol nucleation and growth rates from the measured aerosol size distributions. Nucleation rates derived during the NPF events ranged from 1.4 to 12.9 cm −3 s −1 and were proportional to the measured sulfuric acid concentration with a power of 0.6-2.3. Our results show that sulfuric acid is an important aerosol nucleation precursor, but only a small fraction of the aerosol growth rates could be explained by the condensation of sulfuric acid alone. Ammonia mixing ratios did not have a diurnal trend but had some seasonal variations, higher in spring than in fall and winter, typically at sub-ppbv level; aerosol nucleation rates did not show a clear correlation with ammonia at least at this sub-ppbv level, mostly because the ammonia mixing ratios were nearly constant. Our observations also indicate that the role that ammonia plays in aerosol nucleation is more complicated than is currently understood by the aerosol nucleation theories.Citation: Erupe, M. E., et al. (2010), Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: An atmospheric observation,

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Investigation of NH₃ Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions

Cited by 109 publications

References 23 publications

Long-path measurements of pollutants and micrometeorology over Highway 401 in Toronto

Long-path measurements of pollutants and micrometeorology over Highway 401 in Toronto

Multispecies remote sensing measurements of vehicle emissions on Sherman Way in Van Nuys, California

Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: An atmospheric observation

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Investigation of NH3 Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions

Cited by 109 publications

References 23 publications

Long-path measurements of pollutants and micrometeorology over Highway 401 in Toronto

Long-path measurements of pollutants and micrometeorology over Highway 401 in Toronto

Multispecies remote sensing measurements of vehicle emissions on Sherman Way in Van Nuys, California

Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: An atmospheric observation

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Investigation of NH₃ Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions