Investigation of natural gas storage and transportation by gas hydrate formation in the presence of bio-surfactant sulfonated lignin

A critical review on the practical use of lithium cycle as an upfront nitrogen removal technology from natural gas

“…That being said, gashydrates were investigated for another purpose, though relevant to the subject of LNG, and that is the storage and transport of NG by using gas-hydrates as mediums, which are reported to increase the economic efficiency when compared to liquid phase storage and transport. 72,73 Besides the physical processes discussed so far, nitrogen could also be removed chemically, and this always entails a chemical interaction occurring between some component of the NG with material brought in contact with it, either solid or liquid (solvent) phase. The most obvious and relevant example of this is the nitridation reaction, which is the first step of the Li-Cy proposed in this study.…”

“…More research is required in this area to study the technology's performance on UNR in the hot section of an LNG plant containing mostly methane and lower hydrocarbons with low amounts of nitrogen before making any confident state in the feasibility of the process. That being said, gas‐hydrates were investigated for another purpose, though relevant to the subject of LNG, and that is the storage and transport of NG by using gas‐hydrates as mediums, which are reported to increase the economic efficiency when compared to liquid phase storage and transport 72,73 …”

Investigation of Tetrahydrofuran-CH4 Hydrate Formation in Unstirred Conditions from a Different Perspective: Application to Solidified Natural Gas Storage

“…A significant barrier to the advancement of SNG technology is the sluggish kinetics of hydrate formation. − To address this issue, tetrahydrofuran (THF) has been employed to alleviate the thermodynamic conditions and improve hydrate formation kinetics. , THF is able to upgrade the phase equilibrium conditions of gas hydrates, indicating favorable thermodynamic performance for gas hydrate formation. − The recent research has also demonstrated that THF can be used to enhance CH 4 hydrate formation kinetics without stirring. − It was noted that CH 4 uptake (7.2 MPa, 283.2 K) in 5.56 mol % THF solution is approximately 11.6 times greater than that in liquid water at a certain condition (9.5 MPa, 273.2 K), demonstrating the significant potential of THF to improve CH 4 hydrate formation. However, using THF to promote CH 4 hydrate formation under static conditions is limited to the concentration of 5.56 mol %, and the characteristics of THF-CH 4 hydrate formation at lower THF concentrations are not well understood.…”

Preparation of a Hydrogel-Based Promoter for Methane Hydrate Formation: Effects of −SO3– Density on Promotion Efficiency

“…In the presence of SDS, the induction time is sharply shortened, and the hydrate growth rate is significantly promoted. − According to a previous work, the remarkable promotion efficiency of SDS has been mainly ascribed to the hydrophilic −SO 3 – groups, which endow SDS with desirable wettability and lead to rapid upward hydrate growth along with the sidewall . However, the SDS promoter is also faced with a few troubles: SDS usually results in incompact methane hydrates with porous structures and low densities, and these incompact hydrates are inconvenient to be transported and conserved; additionally, SDS inevitably generates a great amount of foam during the hydrate dissociation process, which can lead to loss of SDS and consequently poor recyclability of the promoter; and furthermore, the extensive use of SDS might give rise to severe environmental pollution. − To achieve effective promotion and in the meanwhile avoid above issues, in our previous work, −SO 3 – groups were fixed on surfaces of various nanocarriers to prepare −SO 3 – -coated nanopromoters for methane hydrate formation. Wang et al covalently fixed −SO 3 – groups on polystyrene nanoparticles to prepare −SO 3 – -coated nanospheres (−SO 3 – @PSNS), and results indicated that −SO 3 – @PSNS with a particle size of ∼20 nm and a dosage of 1 mmol L –1 could lead to a rapid methane hydrate formation process that finished within 1–2 h and with a high methane storage capacity of 142 v/v .…”