Investigation of microwave‐assisted synthesis of palladium nanoparticles supported on Fe₃O₄ as efficient recyclable magnetic catalysts for Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling

Abstract

In this research, a facile and reproducible approach was implemented for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles supported on Fe 3 O 4 with remarkable activity as an ideal catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. Magnetite supported Pd nanoparticles reveal high activity in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions since they could be recycled up to seven times with the same high catalytic activity. This adopted method of catalyst synthesis has many advantages, including reproducibility and the reliability of the adopted synthetic method. The produced catalyst has unique magnetic properties to facilitate catalyst recovery from the reaction mixture by using a strong magnet as an external magnetic field. The synthetic approach adopted in this research is based on the microwave-assisted irradiation (MWI). The distinctive advantage of adopting this approach rather than conventional heating is the simplicity of adding reactants at mild reaction conditions. Moreover, this method offers a high rate of recyclability as the catalyst itself has a high recyclability rate up to seven times under mild reaction conditions, in addition to reproducibility with an excellent turnover number (8500) and a turnover frequency of 95 000 h À1 . The magnetic properties of the prepared catalyst increase the possibility to separate and purify the products from the catalyst and other byproducts, leading to an increase in the economic value of the catalyst. The prepared catalyst was characterized by various spectroscopic techniques including x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Polyvinylpyrrolidone - Reduced Graphene Oxide - Pd Nanoparticles as an Efficient Nanocomposite for Catalysis Applications in Cross-Coupling Reactions

“…b Conversion was calculated for Suzuki cross coupling reactions using (1 mol%) Pd-PVP/rGO catalyst. It is remarkable to note that performing the reaction under the optimum conditions but with using 1 mol % Pd nanoparticles instead of 1 mol % Pd-PVP/rGO lead to a lower conversion (less than 40 %) and this confirms the decisive role played by in preventing the agglomeration of palladium nanoparticles and hence minimize the decrease in the catalyst activity [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]. The diversity of several substrates using Pd/PVP and Pd-PVP/rGO catalysts has been explored in Tables 2 and 3.…”

Prospects and Applications of Palladium Nanoparticles in the Cross‐coupling of (hetero)aryl Halides and Related Analogues

“…Superparamagnetic oxides, such as Fe 3 O 4 , have recently emerged as new materials for the immobilisation of metal nanoparticles with improved separation capabilities. [55] Elazab [56] and Baran [57] independently studied Suzuki reaction on a diversity of different substrates using Pd nanoparticles deposited on Fe 3 O 4. and pectin-carboxymethyl cellulose composite (PctÀ CMC/Fe 3 O 4 ) (Scheme 18) respectively [58] The PdNPs was an easily recyclable and highly efficient catalyst for the fabrication of various biaryl compounds and can be used in different catalytic systems due to its notable features such as easy workup, high reaction yields, easy separability, and excellent reusability. [57] In another front, Nehlig and co-workers [59] used highly efficient and retrievable immobilised Pd on magnetic nanoparticles bearing proline as a catalyst (Figure 6) for Suzuki-Miyaura catalyst in aqueous media (Scheme 19).…”

Synthesis and characterization of PVP based catalysts for selected application in catalysis

“…It was first been used as a substitution for blood plasma then it started to have more and a variety of applications and uses. PVP is dissolvable in water and other polar solvents [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. For instance, it is dissolvable in different alcohols, for example, ethanol and methanol, just as in progressively intriguing solvents like the profound eutectic dissolvable framed by choline chloride and urea.…”

“…In arrangement, it has brilliant wetting properties and promptly shapes films. This makes it great as a covering or an added substance to coatings [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55].…”