Investigation of extraction and clean-up procedures used in the quantification and stable isotopic characterisation of PAHs in contaminated urban soils

Graham, Margaret C.; Allan, R. R.; Fallick, Anthony E.; Farmer, John G.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.026

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, interfering matrix components are frequently also extracted so that it might be necessary to apply further purification of extracts to remove interfering matrix components, e.g. by silica cleanup [139] or preparative HPLC [140], similar to soil and sediment analysis. For subsequent quantitative transfer onto the GC column oncolumn injection is an expedient option, since the losses that are associated with split injection are avoided [133].…”

Section: Solid-phase Extraction (Spe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants

et al. 2012

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Compound-specific stable-isotope analysis (CSIA) has greatly facilitated assessment of sources and transformation processes of organic pollutants. Multielement isotope analysis is one of the most promising applications of CSIA because it even enables distinction of different transformation pathways. This review introduces the essential features of continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and highlights current challenges in environmental analysis as exemplified for the isotopes of nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, and oxygen. Strategies and recent advances to enable isotopic measurements of polar contaminants, for example pesticides or pharmaceuticals, are discussed with special emphasis on possible solutions for analysis of low concentrations of contaminants in environmental matrices. Finally, we discuss different levels of calibration and referencing and point out the urgent need for compound-specific isotope standards for gas chromatography-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) of organic pollutants.

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Section: Solid-phase Extraction (Spe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants

et al. 2012

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“…naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene) are present in the lowest concentrations; the medium-molecular-weight PAHs (e.g. fluoranthene and pyrene) are present in the greatest quantities; and finally the remaining PAHs, which include mainly high-molecular-weight compounds, have moderately elevated concentrations (Ong et al 2003;Graham et al 2006;Berset et al 1999;Motelay-Massei et al 2004;Trapido 1999;Nadal et al 2004;Morillo et al 2007). It has been well documented in the literature that PAHs recovered from sites that are typical of anthropogenic (pyrogenic) sources tend to have high molecular weights, as opposed to petrogenic sources which are typically characterised by lower-molecular-weight PAHs (Li et al 2008).…”

Section: Distribution and Sources Of Pahs Across The St Anthony's Tamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…microwave, ultrasonic and Soxhlet extraction (Bjorklund et al 1999;Dean 1998). It is common practice to affect a clean-up stage, using column chromatography containing different sorbents including alumina and Florisil, post extraction to remove extraneous material (Graham et al 2006;Li et al 2007;Wang et al 2007). However, this off-line approach is both time consuming and involves large amounts of solvents and sample manipulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation into the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two soil size fractions at a former industrial site in NE England, UK using in situ PFE–GC–MS

Lorenzi

Cave

Dean

2010

Environ Geochem Health

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were determined in 16 topsoils (0-10 cm) collected across the site of a former tar works in NE England. The soils were prepared in the laboratory to two different particle size fractions: <250 μm (fraction A) and >250 μm to <2 mm (fraction B). Sixteen priority PAHs were analysed in the soils using in situ pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average total PAH concentration in the soils ranged from 9.0 to 1,404 mg/kg (soil fraction A) and from 6.6 to 872 mg/kg (soil fraction B). These concentrations are high compared with other industrially contaminated soils reported in the international literature, indicating that the tar works warrants further investigation/remediation. A predominance of higher-molecular-weight compounds was determined in the samples, suggesting that the PAHs were of pyrogenic (anthropogenic) origin. Statistical comparison (t-test) of the mean total PAH concentrations in soil fractions A and B indicated that there was a significant difference (95% confidence interval) between the fractions in all but two of the soil samples. Additionally, comparisons of the distributions of individual PAHs (i.e. 16 PAHs × 16 soil samples) in soil fractions A and B demonstrated generally higher PAH concentrations in fraction A (i.e. 65.8% of all individual PAH concentrations were higher in soil fraction A). This is important because fraction A corresponds to the particle size thought to be most important in terms of human contact with soils and potential threats to human health.

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“…In recent years, there has been a growing research interest in the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental soil samples due to risks of them causing adverse effects to human health [1,2]. The conventional sample extraction methods (e.g., Soxhlet extraction and shake flask) have some drawbacks, such as long extraction time, large amount of organic solvents, labor intensive procedures and/or poor reproducibility [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of surfactants and microemulsions to the extraction of pyrene and phenanthrene from soil with three different extraction methods

Song

Lin

2007

Analytica Chimica Acta

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In the present work, the use of surfactants and oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions as alternative extractants in accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrene and phenanthrene) from soils was investigated. In particular, the effect of each individual component within the microemulsions, i.e., oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactatnt, and extraction conditions on the percentage recovery was systematically studied. When compared to the water and organic solvent, the important findings were that the common surfactant solutions at the concentrations above their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were shown to enhance the percentage recovery at the lower extraction temperature. Moreover, the highest percentage recovery can be obtained using microemulsion as the extractant. The chemical component within the microemulsions and relative amounts of the oil phase appeared to play a much more significant role in ensuring high percentage recovery. Finally, an overall comparison between the percentage recoveries obtained with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ASE using organic solvents, surfactants and microemulsions as extractants was exhibited.

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Investigation of extraction and clean-up procedures used in the quantification and stable isotopic characterisation of PAHs in contaminated urban soils

Cited by 37 publications

References 13 publications

Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants

Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants

An investigation into the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two soil size fractions at a former industrial site in NE England, UK using in situ PFE–GC–MS

Application of surfactants and microemulsions to the extraction of pyrene and phenanthrene from soil with three different extraction methods

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