Investigation of Distinctive Morpho-Physio and Biochemical Alterations in Desi Chickpea at Seedling Stage Under Irrigation, Heat, and Combined Stress

Abstract

Global climatic instabilities have become the main reason for drastic yield losses in chickpea. This shift in climate could be a great threat in the future for food security in developing countries. Chickpea production is badly hampered by heat stress coupled with drought stress, and these factors can reduce yields by 40–45%. To mitigate yield losses due these abiotic factors, irrigation supplementation could be the best strategy. The present study aimed to (i) investigate the tolerance response of 9 desi chickpea genotypes against heat stress (H), irrigation (I), and a combination of both (I+H) through morphophysiological and biochemical indices at early growth stage, and (ii) assess yield performance across multiple locations of the country. Results revealed that under irrigation treatment, all genotypes perform well, but the genotypes D-09027 and D-09013 showed best performance because, as compared to control, they retained root length, seedling fresh weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, esterase activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total chlorophyll, and total carotenoids. Shoot length and total phenolic contents (TPC) increased in both genotypes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased in D-09027 and retained in D-09013. Catalase activity increased in D-09013 and retained in D-09027. Protease activity, total water potential and osmotic potential decreased in both genotypes and depicted high yield potential with 27 and 30% increase in yield over Bhakhar-2011 (check), respectively. In case of heat stress, maximum tolerance was found in genotypes CH104/06 and D-09013 with no change in shoot and root length, seedling dry weight, shoot fresh and dry weight, root dry weight, relative water content, turgor water potential, catalase (CAT) activity, esterase activity, increased root fresh weight, peroxidase activity (POD), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX), and lycopene with low accumulation of protease and Malondialdehyde content (MDA). Both genotypes depicted high yield potential with 30 and 43% increase in yield over check across multiple locations of the country. Under the combined treatment, most genotypes showed good performance, while CH104/06 was selected as best performer genotype because significant of its increased root fresh weight, lycopene content, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids, total chlorophyll, retained shoot length, root length, seedling fresh and dry weight, total water potential, osmotic potential, relative water content, peroxidase activity (POD), catalase, esterase, and its ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity and total soluble proteins (TSP) showed highest yield potential with 43% increase over check. Identified best performing and tolerant genotypes can further be employed for breeding climate-smart chickpea genotypes for sustainable production under changing climate.

Interactive effect of soil moisture content and phosphorus fertilizer form on chickpea growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake

“…The impact of climate change on agriculture in the arid and semi-arid regions is increasingly felt, through the negative impacts of the decrease in precipitation, the high temperatures and radiation, and the longer and frequent drought on crop yield and quality 3 . Under these challenging pedoclimatic conditions, plants showed a series of morphological, physiological, and biochemical modifications to adapt to different types of abiotic stress and improve their capacity to absorb and use water and mineral resources efficiently 4 – 6 . It is widely documented that plants exposed to drought and nutrient deficiency reduce their photosynthetic activity and gas exchanges with the environment, by reducing the leaf area, closing their stomata, and increasing assimilates allocation to the root system 4 , 6 – 9 .…”

“…Under these challenging pedoclimatic conditions, plants showed a series of morphological, physiological, and biochemical modifications to adapt to different types of abiotic stress and improve their capacity to absorb and use water and mineral resources efficiently 4 – 6 . It is widely documented that plants exposed to drought and nutrient deficiency reduce their photosynthetic activity and gas exchanges with the environment, by reducing the leaf area, closing their stomata, and increasing assimilates allocation to the root system 4 , 6 – 9 .…”

Response of Physiological, Reproductive Function and Yield Traits in Cultivated Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Under Heat Stress

“…Plants have an optimum temperature range where they perform best based on their genetic makeup; exposure to temperatures beyond the threshold is considered heat stress (HS; Hatfield and Prueger, 2015 ). Extreme temperature adversely affects crop growth by damaging morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics and ultimately reducing yield ( Hemantaranjan et al, 2014 ; Sehgal et al, 2018 ; Jameel et al, 2021 ). At the sub-cellular level, HS impairs vital processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, membrane functioning, and water relations, affecting the functioning of enzymes, proteins, hormones, and primary and secondary metabolites ( Bita and Gerats, 2013 ; Chaudhary et al, 2020 ).…”

Low water supply differentially affects the growth, yield and mineral profile of kabuli and desi chickpeas (Cicer arietinum)

“…However, they can also be beneficial for plant fitness, acting as triggers of plant defences and transiently increasing as part of the plant acclimation process (Morales & Bosch, 2019). High levels of ROS in plant cells can lead to lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, resulting in MDA accumulation and may increase or decrease in chickpeas under low water supplies depending on the plant genotype and environmental conditions (Mohammadi et al, 2011; Jameel et al, 2021). Despite the variable patterns of MDA accumulation in different chickpea genotypes, it has been proposed that drought stress at the seed‐filling stage leads to higher hydrogen peroxide concentrations in plant cells, membrane instability, lipid peroxidation and MDA accumulation, to a higher extent in susceptible than in tolerant chickpea genotypes (Oberoi et al, 2014).…”