Investigation of Crude Palm Oil as an Alternative Processing Oils in Natural Rubber : Effect of the Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Abstract

Petroleum based processing oils is the hydrocarbon oils derived from petroleum refining process and commonly used as extender or processing oils to improve the rubber processability. Hydrocarbon oils can be classified as paraffins, aromatics, naphthene and olefins oil based on their molecular structure. The studies on replacement of hydrocarbon oils with natural processing oils had been studied by vast number of researchers due to finite resources and the toxicity of the hydrocarbon oils which enhanced awareness in using natural based oils. These natural processing oils are from vegetable or animal. The vegetable oils contain mainly unsaturated fatty acids. Studies showed that the unsaturated fatty acids affect the cure characteristics and the mechanical properties of the filled vulcanizates as these fatty acids took part during the vulcanization and promote the filler-rubber interaction. In this study, natural rubber (NR) of grade Standard Malaysian Rubber 20 (SMR 20) with the loadings of paraffin oil (PO) and crude palm oil (CPO) between 1 to 5 phr was investigated. Within the loadings of PO and CPO studied, the unsaturated fatty acid in CPOs were reported to results in plasticizing effect which results in lower minimum and maximum torques. Though that the unsaturated fatty acid which took part during the vulcanization prolonged the cure time, it resulted in higher CB-SMR 20 interaction. The tensile properties, tear strength, hardness and abrasion resistance of the CPO recipes were affected by combination of plasticizing effect and better CB-SMR 20 interaction.

Application of Different Vegetable Oils as Processing Aids in Industrial Rubber Composites: A Sustainable Approach

“…For this purpose, the rising trend of utilizing vegetable oils as a green extender or plasticizer has become the most interesting approach in the rubber industry. Table enlists the examples of different filled rubber composites based on vegetable oils. ,,− …”

“…1 The use of processing oils or plasticizers is by far the most effective way to enhance the interaction between the rubber and filler by increasing the compatibility. 2 Petroleum oils with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated via the petroleum refining process. 2 Based on their chemical composition, petroleumbased processing oils can be classified into different categories, such as aromatic, paraffinic, and naphthenic.…”

“…2 Petroleum oils with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated via the petroleum refining process. 2 Based on their chemical composition, petroleumbased processing oils can be classified into different categories, such as aromatic, paraffinic, and naphthenic. Traditionally, petroleum-based oils have played a crucial role as plasticizers or extenders in the rubber industry because of their low price and excellent compatibility with most of the available rubbers.…”

“…In this regard, excellent interaction between the rubber and filler is the most important criteria to ensure the quality of filled rubber composites . The use of processing oils or plasticizers is by far the most effective way to enhance the interaction between the rubber and filler by increasing the compatibility . Petroleum oils with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated via the petroleum refining process .…”

Potential of epoxidized palm oil as a green alternative to rubber processing oils

“…However, the conventional use of petroleum oils as RPOs has raised a few alarms due to their environmental and health effects. The extraction of petroleum oils has taken an enormous toll on the environment resulting in the destruction of ecosystems as well as increasing land and air pollution [2]. Furthermore, the use of these oils has been found to be highly carcinogenic.…”