Rubber composites based on renewable vegetable oils are being increasingly developed, as these materials significantly reduce the use of petroleum-based carcinogenic oils as plasticizers in rubber products. Apart from renewability, vegetable oils have some major advantages, such as easy availability, biodegradability, and environmentally friendly nature. Until now, vegetable oils, such as palm oil, soybean oil, and linseed oil, have been successfully used as processing oils to replace petroleumbased oils in engineered rubber composites. So far, the concept of a vegetable-oil-based plasticizer has been applied to rubber composites containing different industrially important fillers, like carbon black, silica, calcium carbonate, and expandable graphite. In the near future, the trend of utilizing vegetable-oil-based plasticizers may bring considerable advancements in the performance of filled rubber composites in an environmentally acceptable and sustainable manner.

Nickel–cobalt carbonate hydroxide with a three-dimensional (3D) sea-urchin-like structure was successfully developed by the hydrothermal process. The obtained structure enables the enhancement of charge/ion diffusion for the high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. The mole ratio of nickel to cobalt plays a vital role in the densely packed sea-urchin-like structure formation and electrochemical properties. At optimized nickel/cobalt mole ratio (1:2), the highest specific capacitance of 950.2 F g–1 at 1 A g–1 and the excellent cycling stability of 178.3% after 3000 charging/discharging cycles at 40 mV s–1 are achieved. This nickel–cobalt carbonate hydroxide electrode yields an energy density in the range of 42.9–15.8 Wh kg–1, with power density in the range of 285.0–2849.9 W kg–1. The charge/discharge mechanism at the atomic level as monitored by time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS) indicates that the high capacitance behavior in a nickel–cobalt carbonate hydroxide is mainly dominated by cobalt carbonate hydroxide.

Newly developed in situ hydrothermal synthesis governs morphology of Ni–Co–S embedded on N–S doped graphene thus providing exceptional capacitive behavior.

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