Investigation of Camphor Effects on Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum at Different Molecular Levels

Abstract

Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum are phytopathogens, which cause destructive diseases in cereals. Epidemics of these phytopathogens are caused by mycotoxin contamination and the reduction of crop quality. In this study, the alteration due to in vitro camphor treatment on F. culmorum 9F and F. graminearum H11 isolates was investigated in terms of epigenetic, cellular, and transcription levels. Camphor with different concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, and 4 µg/µL) was applied to potato dextrose agar (PDA) growth media. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were calculated as 2 and 1 µg/µL, respectively. hog1, mst20, CAT, POD, mgv1, stuA, and tri5 genes, which are related to various cellular processes and pathogenesis, were examined by qPCR assay. qPCR analysis showed that camphor treatment leads to the downregulation of tri5 expression but the upregulation of the remaining genes. Apoptosis and oxidative stress were confirmed via acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) and dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) staining, respectively. Moreover, coupled restriction enzyme digestion-random amplification (CRED-RA) assay, used for DNA methylation analysis, was carried out to evaluate epigenetic alterations. The decrease in genomic template stability (GTS) values, which resulted due to the alterations in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles caused by camphor treatment, were detected as 97.60% in F. culmorum 9F and 66.27% in F. graminearum H-11. The outer and inner methylated cytosine profiles are determined by CRED-RA assay as type I–IV epigenetic alterations. The outcomes indicated that camphor could lead to alterations at several molecular levels of F. graminearum and F. culmorum.

Essential Oils of Sage, Rosemary, and Bay Laurel Inhibit the Life Stages of Oomycete Pathogens Important in Aquaculture

“…In addition, β-pinene and 1,8-cineole (present in significant amounts in both sage and bay laurel essential oils) were positively correlated with the inhibition of S. parasitica zoospore germination, explaining the similar EC 50 values of these two essential oils for S. parasitica zoospore germination (EC 50 0.012 and 0.013 µL/mL, respectively). Some of these compounds were previously reported to exhibit good anti-oomycete [ 44 , 55 ] and antifungal [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ] activity. For example, camphor (up to 38.06 µg/mL) progressively slowed down the mycelial growth of S. parasitica and S. delica , while thujone and β-pinene (500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively) inhibited the mycelial growth of S. parasitica [ 44 , 55 ].…”

“…For example, camphor (up to 38.06 µg/mL) progressively slowed down the mycelial growth of S. parasitica and S. delica , while thujone and β-pinene (500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively) inhibited the mycelial growth of S. parasitica [ 44 , 55 ]. Moreover, α-thujone and camphor have potent antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum , F. culmorum , and Schizosaccharomyces pombe , which is mainly explained by the induction of oxidative stress and subsequent apoptotic cell death, but also by a decrease in genomic stability and epigenetic changes [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. Thus, the high camphor content in sage essential oil probably contributed significantly to the observed inhibitory effects.…”

Antifungal activity of epecific plant essential oils against fusarium graminearum

“…Eugenol, kaempferol, and camphor are some of these important plantderived antifungal agents for Fusarium spp. [18][19][20]. However, majority of the investigations related to antifungal effects of plant derived natural compounds include the usage of the mixtures including plenty of essential oils.…”

“…Additionally, these researches have been mainly focused on in vitro growth capacity testes and chromatographic tests [21,22]. The limited investigations report the potential antifungal effects of speci ic-plant derived essential oils [19] with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of camphor as 1 mg/mL in F. graminearum. Similarly, approximately 1 mg/mL MIC value is reported from different investigations [18,20].…”

Synthesis, Antifungal Activity, Cytotoxicity and QSAR Study of Camphor Derivatives

“…The naturally occurring monoterpenketone camphor is found in Cinnamomum camphor , and it can also be obtained by the isomerization–oxidation of turpentine. Due to its biological activity and variable molecular structure, camphor has potential as a building block in the preparation of biologically active derivatives [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. The development of camphor-based anti-microbial derivatives has recently been reported [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”