No abstract

fusarium graminearum is one of the most popular phytopathogens of cereals worldwide. F. graminearum is the major causal agent of head blight of wheat and barley. Disease-resistant cultivar development, antagonistic microorganism usage and fungicide treatment are the most common strategies in head blight management strategies. However, these methods have some important disadvantages. The use of plant-derived essential oil against F. graminearum seems to be a promising approach due to the recent researches. This review summarizes the potential use of essential oils to fight against F. graminearum.

Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. is an important phytopathogen. Fight against F. avenaceum includes primarily fungicide usage. However, novel strategies are needed in a struggle with F. avenaceum. In this study, terpinolene was used against F. avenaceum as an antimicrobial agent, and the harmlessness of terpinolene was tested on two contrast barley genotypes, Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Cervoise and H. vulgare L. cv. Premium. Firstly, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and half inhibitory concentration (IC50) were detected as 6 and 3 µg µL -1 . Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was informative about the effects of terpinolene on enniatin and zearalenone biosynthesis in F. avenaceum. Terpinolene leads to the potential decreased enniatin and zearalenone biosynthesis in F. avenaceum. However, no significant differences were recorded for gene expression of aurofusariun biosynthesis. In barley, electroconductivity (EC), catalase (CAT) activity, coupled restriction enzyme digestion-random amplification (CRED-RA), and qRT-PCR assays were tested. No significant ion leakage differences (p>0.05) were detected. Similarly, CAT activity and water loss rate (WLR) values in barley sets were not affected (p>0.05) by terpinolene treatment in majority of experiment sets. Relatively low levels of genomic template instability (75-85%) and epigenetics changes (11-20.6%) were recorded in barley due to terpinolene treatment. WRKY6, WRKY24, and WRKY41 expressions were not significantly changed. The findings showed that terpinolene could be accepted as a potential plant protective agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Özet: Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. önemli bir bitki patojenidir. Fusarium avenaceum ile mücadele temelde fungisit kullanımını içerir. Ancak yeni stratejilere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada iki zıt arpa genotipi olan Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Cervoise and H. vulgare L. cv. Premium genotiplerinde terpinolenin zararsız etkileri ve F. avenaceum'a karşı antimikrobiyal etkileri araştırıldı. İlk olarak minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyonları (MİK) ve üremeyi baskılayan yarı konsantrasyon (IC50) değerleri 6 and 3 µg µL -1 olarak belirlendi. Gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (kPZR) F. avenaceum'da zearalenone ve enniatin üretimi üzerinde terpinolenin etkisinin belirlenmesinde bilgi verici oldu. Terpinolene F. avenaceum'da enniatin ve zearalenone üretiminde potansiyel baskılamaya sebep oldu. Buna karşın aurofusariun biyosentez gen analtımında anlamlı farklılık görülmemiştir. Arpada elektrokonduktivite (EK), katalaz (KAT) aktivitesi, CRED-RA analizi ve kPZR analizleri test edildi. EK değerlerinde bilimsel olarak anlamlı (p>0,05) farklılık gözlemlenmedi. Benzer şekilde deney setlerinin çoğunda katalaz aktivitesi ve su kaybetme oranları (SKO) terpinolene uygulamasından etkilenmedi (p>0,05). Arpada terpinolene uygulamasına bağlı olarak göreceli olarak düşük genomik instabilite (%75-85) ve epigenetik değişimler (%11-20,6) kaydedildi. WRKY6, WRKY24 ve WRKY41 gen anlatımları anlamlı farklılık gösterme...

Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) and Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) are among the most valuable crops cultivated and planted in many regions including Turkey. These plants have wide range of adaptation ability and capacity; they represent high level of variation in terms of physiological, genetics and epigenetics parameters and characteristics. Physiological and genetic variations were investigated by relative water content (RWC) assays, measuring electroconductivity (EC) levels and amplification of microsatellite markers in 21 barley and 43 wheat lines. At least three drought sensitive and three drought resistant lines were detected in barley and wheat lines via RWC assays. RWC values were recorded between 0.05±0.013 and 0.55±0.003%. Similarly great variation was detected for EC values of both barley and also wheat lines. Minimum and maximum EC values were ranged from 4.00±0.06 μS cm-1 to 59.88±3.209 μS cm-1. Three microsatellite markers, Bmag0120, Bmag0306 and Bmag375, were targeted in barley genome. Similarly, Han18, Wmc506 and Wmc623 microsatellite markers were targeted in wheat genome. Among these markers only Bmag0120 and Han18 were amplified from each line's genome by PCR and qPCR assays. In PCR and qPCR analysis homozygous and heterozygous lines were detected for Bmag0120 while each line was homozygous for Han18. Idiomorphic band size as 300 bp was detected in Han18 while it was ranged from 224 to 279 bp for Bmac0120 marker. Results showed that homozygous lines were drought resistant ones in barley lines whereas no correlation was found for wheat lines investigated in this study.