Investigation of a food-borne Salmonella Oranienburg outbreak in a Mexican prison

Abstract

Introduction: Gastroenteritis outbreaks in prisons represent a public health risk worldwide. Identifying and characterizing the etiological agents of gastroenteritis outbreaks in prisons is important for implementing effective prevention and infection control measures. We present the first studied case of a gastroenteritis outbreak in a Mexican prison. Methodology: Rectal swab samples were obtained from affected inmates. Standard microbiological techniques were used for isolating Salmonella enterica. Isolates were typed by PCR assays of DNA repetitive elements (ERIC, BOX, REP) and RAPD. Antibiotic resistance profiles were performed by the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: S. enterica serotype Oranienburg was responsible for the outbreak affecting 150 inmates. All patients presented diarrhea, and 70% of them also presented vomiting, with no fatal cases. The origin of the outbreak was undetermined due to the difficulty of gathering epidemiological information, but was likely the result of consumption of shrimp broth or a cantaloupe melon beverage. REP, BOX, and ERIC analyses of 26 serotype Oranienburg strains resulted in Simpson discrimination index (D) values of 0, 0.5507, and 0.5661, respectively. The D values from DG93-RAPD analyses and from the combined ERIC-BOX-DG93 markers were 0.7753 and 0.6092, respectively. All strains showed multiresistance to antibiotics. Conclusions: This is the only studied case of a gastroenteritis outbreak in a Mexican prison, and of the first such outbreak caused by serotype Oranienburg. The combined ERIC, BOX, and RAPD markers adequately assessed the genotype diversity of analyzed strains. Penitentiary personnel or inmates involved in outbreaks might spread multiresistant strains outside of the facility.

In vitro invasiveness and intracellular survival of Salmonella strains isolated from the aquatic environment

“…The strains used in this study included Salmonella Oranienburg S76 and S. Saintpaul S70, isolated from surface water and selected based on their prevalence in northwest Mexico rivers (Jimenez et al, ); S. Oranienburg S347, isolated from clinical samples of a gastroenteritis outbreak in a Mexican prison (Vazquez‐Garciduenas et al, ) and the reference strain S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028. Salmonella Oranienburg S76 and Saintpaul S70 were obtained from the Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigacion en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA‐CIAD, Sinaloa, Mexico).…”

“…Several Salmonella strains have been isolated and characterized from some Mexico’s water bodies, and the most prevalent serotypes found in these studies were Oranienburg and Saintpaul (Lopez‐Cuevas et al, ; Jimenez et al, ; Estrada‐Acosta et al, ; Jimenez et al, ). While these two serotypes are nontyphoidal strains, they have been linked to food‐borne outbreaks, at the global and national levels, mainly associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables (CDC, ; Vazquez‐Garciduenas et al, ).…”

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“…Asimismo, Silva-Hidalgo et al, (2012) reportaron la presencia de esta bacteria en el 11.6 % de las muestras de heces de mamíferos, aves y reptiles cautivos, así como roedores e insectos que viven en estrecho contacto con las En el año de 1972 y principios de 1973 se presentó una epidemia de fiebre tifoidea (ocasionada por Salmonella Typhi) en la Ciudad de México, la cual se expandió rápidamente a áreas circunvecinas afectando a más de 10,000 personas (Bessudo et al, 1973;González-Cortes et al, 1974). Otros dos brotes importantes relacionados con el consumo común de alimentos contaminados fueron reportados; el primero ocurrió dentro de un hospital, involucrando a 155 personas infectadas por Salmonella Enteritidis (Chávez- de la Peña et al, 2001); el segundo tuvo lugar dentro de una prisión, donde 150 reclusos presentaron diarrea y otros síntomas de enfermedad entérica ocasionada por Salmonella Oranienburg (Vázquez-Garcidueñas et al, 2014). En ambos casos la fuente de infección no fue identificada.…”

EVALUACIÓN DE RÍOS DEL VALLE DE CULIACÁN, MÉXICO, COMO RESERVORIOS DE SEROTIPOS DE Salmonella RESISTENTES A ANTIBIÓTICOS

“…En este sentido, se debe prestar especial atención a los serotipos que muestran RMA de origen acuático, incluyendo Salmonella Oranienburg, Salmonella Saintpaul, Salmonella Minnesota y Salmonella Muenchen, ya que son los principales serotipos dispersos en la región noroeste de México (López et al 2009, Jiménez et al 2011 y se relacionan con brotes mundiales de SNT (Behravesh et al 2011, Pui et al 2011, CDC 2013. En México, Salmonella Oranienburg fue el agente causal de un brote de origen alimentario que se caracterizó por presentar RMA, lo cual dificultó el tratamiento de la población afectada (Vázquez-Garcidueñas et al 2014). Además, se ha reportado que este serotipo es altamente resistente al menos a nueve agentes antimicrobianos (Kaneene et al 2010).…”