Untitled

Abstract

Salmonella, climatic change, Mexico, biofilms, antimicrobial resistance, genetic diversity. línea, 2) habilidad para utilizar fuentes alternas de carbono, y 3) capacidad de formar biopelículas. El uso de alguna estrategia o la combinación de ellas por las poblaciones de Salmonella circulantes podría aumentar el riesgo para la salud de la población. Por ello, esta revisión tiene como objetivo analizar de manera exhaustiva los elementos que le confieren una mayor capacidad de adaptación, favoreciendo las dinámicas de dispersión de Salmonella, y contribuyendo de esta manera al entendimiento de su naturaleza y a la epidemiología debida a este patógeno en México. Introducción Salmonella es mundialmente reconocida como el principal agente etiológico de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos y agua (WHO, 2018a). El centro para el control y prevención de enfermedades de los Estados Unidos de América y la autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria reportan anualmente más de 1,000,000 y 100,000 infecciones por Salmonella no tifoidea, respectivamente (CDC, 2018a; EFSA, 2015), mientras en México el número alcanza alrededor de 70,000 casos de este padecimiento cada año (DGE, 2017). A pesar de que esta bacteria reside predominantemente en el tracto gastrointestinal de animales de sangre caliente y de sangre fría, su reconocida ubicuidad en ambientes naturales, donde despliega estrategias de supervivencia, le permiten prevalecer por periodos prolongados en suelos y sedimentos adaptándose a condiciones estresantes de temperatura, pH, desecación, estrés osmótico y nutrimental, así como depredación, facilitando su supervivencia, dispersión ambiental y alcance de nuevos hospederos

Prevalence and Genomic Diversity of Salmonella enterica Recovered from River Water in a Major Agricultural Region in Northwestern Mexico

“…In Mexico, the National Epidemiological Surveillance System (Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, SINAVE) demonstrated a considerable increase in cases of salmonellosis from 1984 to 2017 (from 31,943 to 104,471), and the state of Sinaloa had the highest rate corresponding to 12.9% of cases [49]. Although the routes of exposure to Salmonella in this agricultural region have not been well defined and are often epidemiologically unrelated to specific sources [18,20,27], several studies have suggested that surface waters in this agricultural region could potentially serve as the source of Salmonella contamination of produce. Therefore, tracing Salmonella in surface waters is of utmost importance, not only for human health, but also for the safety of the fresh produce industry in this region [18,27,50].…”

“…Although the routes of exposure to Salmonella in this agricultural region have not been well defined and are often epidemiologically unrelated to specific sources [18,20,27], several studies have suggested that surface waters in this agricultural region could potentially serve as the source of Salmonella contamination of produce. Therefore, tracing Salmonella in surface waters is of utmost importance, not only for human health, but also for the safety of the fresh produce industry in this region [18,27,50].…”

“…Approximately 2500 S. enterica serovars have been currently identified worldwide based on cell surface H-and O-antigens [17]. In Mexico, the highest incidence in human infections has been associated with S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Derby, S. Agona and S. Anatum, which are also the most predominant serovars recovered from diverse food sources [4,18]. However, these serovars, causing the majority of human illnesses, rarely coincide with those with the highest prevalence in aquatic environments, including S. Oranienburg, S. Saintpaul, S. Minnesota, S. Give, and S. Infantis [19][20][21] recovered from river water belonging to the Culiacan Valley in northeastern Mexico.…”

“…However, these serovars, causing the majority of human illnesses, rarely coincide with those with the highest prevalence in aquatic environments, including S. Oranienburg, S. Saintpaul, S. Minnesota, S. Give, and S. Infantis [19][20][21] recovered from river water belonging to the Culiacan Valley in northeastern Mexico. The low environmental prevalence of clinically relevant serovars provides a challenge for accurately determining the origin of the source of contamination and the identification of conducive conditions promoting the prevalence of these serovars in aquatic environments [9,18,22]. To aid in identifying sources of contamination, the use of high-resolution sequencing methods, such as whole genome sequencing, in conjunction with bioinformatic approaches can assist with the identification of genetic markers distinguishing environmental and clinical isolates, allowing a better understanding of the genotypic profiles of Salmonella strains recovered from aquatic environments in Mexico [23].…”