Investigation into the Vehicle Exhaust Emissions of High Percentage Ethanol Blends

Characterisation of flame development with ethanol, butanol, iso-octane, gasoline and methane in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine

“…Combustion studies with ethanol in SI engines have been carried out by [2][3][4][5][6][7], focusing on performance characteristics, while others [8][9][10][11] have concentrated on engine emission measurements; most of these were done on Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines. Very few studies have been conducted in latest technology Direct Injection Spark-Ignition (DISI) engines that are typically very sensitive to fuel properties; more to the point, in some of those studies, certain trends illustrate great diversity.…”

Comparison of Flexible Fuel Vehicle and Life-Cycle Fuel Consumption and Emissions of Selected Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases for Ethanol 85 Versus Gasoline

“…20 Winebrake et al 21 estimated that fuel life cycle acetaldehyde emissions increased by a factor of 14 for corn-based E85 relative to gasoline. Guerrieri et al 16 reported that acetaldehyde emissions increased by over 200% as the ethanol content increased up to 40%. Durbin et al 18 reported that aldehyde emissions increased by 73% when the ethanol content was increased from 0 to 10%.…”

“…Because ethanol is an oxygenated fuel, the use of ethanol may reduce emissions of products of incomplete combustion, including CO. [15][16][17] Durbin et al 18 observed that on the basis of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), CO emissions decreased, and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions increased with increasing ethanol content for some gasoline fuels but were unaffected by ethanol content for other gasoline fuels, depending on fuel volatility. Graham 19 presented that for two FFV models tested through the FTP, average CO emission rates decreased by 35 and 60% for E85 versus gasoline for both models, respectively, whereas average non-methane organic gas (NMOG) emission rates were not significantly different for one model but increased by 10% for the other model.…”

“…Replacing gasoline with E85 is reported to increase methane emissions from 43 to 340%. [22][23][24] Guerrieri et al 16 found that NO x exhaust emissions increased by 60% as the ethanol content in gasoline increased up to 40%. Durbin et al 18 found that NO x emissions increased when ethanol content increased for some gasoline fuels but were unaffected by ethanol content for other gasoline fuels, depending on fuel volatility.…”

Flame front analysis of ethanol, butanol, iso-octane and gasoline in a spark-ignition engine using laser tomography and integral length scale measurements

“…typically about 25%-30% C 5 or lower, 30%-40% C 6 -C 8 and the remainder C 9 -C 10 hydrocarbons. Iso-octane is one of the major single components of gasoline, with a boiling point of 99 °C at atmospheric pressure; nbutanol boils at 117 °C whilst ethanol boils at 78.4 °C.…”