“…To this day, numerous studies confirmed the presence of the EKC model in various types of environmental degradation indicators; for instance, EKC-carbon dioxide (Prastiyo et al, 2020;Danish et al, 2021;Koshta et al, 2021;Ntim-Amo et al, 2022;Massagony and Budiono, 2023), EKC-ecological footprint (Ulucak and Bilgili, 2018;Ansari, 2022;Fatima et al, 2021;Ozturk et al, 2023); EKCdeforestation (Waluyo and Terawaki, 2016;Ajanaku and Collins, 2021;Destiartono and Ekananda, 2023Caravaggio, 2020and Tsiantikoudis et al, 2019; and EKC-nitrous oxide (Islam, 2021 andCho et al, 2014). In accordance with methane emissions, the Kuznets' turning point can be smoothed by advancing the role of renewable energy, crop diversification, and technological innovation (Islam, 2021).…”