Investigating the Use of Two Low Cost Eye Tracking Systems for Detecting Pupillary Response to Changes in Mental Workload

Coyne, Joseph T.; Sibley, Ciara

doi:10.1177/1541931213601009

Cited by 39 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The eye tracking data were collected using the Gazepoint GP3 HD eye tracker [27] attached to a desktop computer. The GP3 HD recorded eye movement data at a sampling rate of 150 Hz with 0.5–1.0 degree of visual angle accuracy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive mediated eye movements during the SDMT reveal the challenges with processing speed faced by people with MS

2019

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BackgroundThe Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is regarded as the cognitive test of choice for people with MS (pwMS). While deficits are linked to impaired processing speed, the mechanisms by which they arise are unclear. Cognitive-mediated eye movements offer one putative explanation. The objective of this study was to determine the association between eye movements and performance on the SDMT.MethodsThirty-three people with confirmed MS and 25 matched healthy control subjects (HC) were administered the oral SDMT while eye movements were recorded.ResultsMean SDMT scores were significantly lower in pwMS (p < 0.038). Shorter mean saccade distance in the key area (p = 0.007), more visits to the key area per response (p = 0.014), and more total number of fixations in the test area (p = 0.045) differentiated pwMS from HCs. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the number of visits to the key area per response (p < 0.001; ΔR2 = 0.549) and total number of fixations in the test area (p < 0.001; ΔR2 = 0.782) were the most robust predictors of SDMT scores.ConclusionCognitive-mediated eye movements help elucidate the processing speed challenges confronted by people with MS. Mechanistic insights such as these can potentially help inform new cognitive rehabilitation strategies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive mediated eye movements during the SDMT reveal the challenges with processing speed faced by people with MS

2019

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“…In previous studies, it was stated that the pupil size differences can be significantly differentiated by the Eye Tribe eye tracker in various levels of workload trials. 44 It is also reported that the results prove to be promising for human factors researchers. 44…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Insights From Pupil Size to Mental Workload of Surgical Residents: Feasibility of an Educational Computer-Based Surgical Simulation Environment (ECE) Considering the Hand Condition

et al. 2018

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The advantage of simulation environments is that they present various insights into real situations, where experimental research opportunities are very limited-for example, in endoscopic surgery. These operations require simultaneous use of both hands. For this reason, surgical residents need to develop several motor skills, such as eye-hand coordination and left-right hand coordination. While performing these tasks, the hand condition (dominant, nondominant, both hands) creates different degrees of mental workload, which can be assessed through mental physiological measures-namely, pupil size. Studies show that pupil size grows in direct proportion to mental workload. However, in the literature, there are very limited studies exploring this workload through the pupil sizes of the surgical residents under different hand conditions. Therefore, in this study, we present a computer-based simulation of a surgical task using eye-tracking technology to better understand the influence of the hand condition on the performance of skill-based surgical tasks in a computer-based simulated environment. The results show that under the both-hand condition, the pupil size of the surgical residents is larger than the one under the dominant and nondominant hand conditions. This indicates that when the computer-simulated surgical task is performed with both hands, it is considered more difficult than in the dominant and nondominant hand conditions. In conclusion, this study shows that pupil size measurements are sufficiently feasible to estimate the mental workload of the participants while performing surgical tasks. The results of this study can be used as a guide by instructional system designers of skill-based training programs.

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“…This eye-tracker was chosen as an affordable and potentially valuable tool for this research [37]. Previous studies reported that Eye Tribe significantly differentiated the pupil dilations caused by mental workload [38]. In addition, this eye tracker was presented as a promising tool for researchers investigating human factors [38].…”

Section: B Data Collection Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies reported that Eye Tribe significantly differentiated the pupil dilations caused by mental workload [38]. In addition, this eye tracker was presented as a promising tool for researchers investigating human factors [38]. To ensure high accuracy in the eye-movement recordings, the participants were positioned at a fixed distance (70 cm) from the monitor.…”

Section: B Data Collection Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Ten Open-Source Eye-Movement Classification Algorithms in Simulated Surgical Scenarios

Dalveren

Çağıltay

2019

IEEE Access

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Despite providing several insights into visual attention and evidence regarding certain brain states and psychological functions, classifying eye movements is a highly demanding process. Currently, there are several algorithms to classify eye movement events which use different approaches. However, to date, only a limited number of studies have assessed these algorithms under specific conditions, such as those required for surgical training programmes. This study presents an investigation of ten open-source eye-movement classification algorithms using the Eye Tribe eye-tracker. The algorithms were tested on the eye-movement records obtained from 23 surgical residents, who performed computer-based surgical simulation tasks under different hand conditions. The aim was to offer data for the improvement of surgical training programmes. According to the results, due to the different classification methods and default threshold values, the ten algorithms produced different results. Considering the fixation duration, the only common event for all of the investigated algorithms, the binocular-individual threshold (BIT) algorithm resulted in a different clustering compared to the other algorithms. Based on the other set of common events, three clusters were determined by eight algorithms (except BIT and event detection (ED)), distinguishing dispersion-based, velocity-based and modified versions of velocity-based algorithms. Accordingly, it was concluded that dispersion-based and velocity-based algorithms provided different results. Additionally, as it individually specifies the threshold values for the eye-movement data, when there is no consensus about the threshold values to be set, the BIT algorithm can be selected. Especially for such cases like simulation-based surgical skill-training, the use of individualised threshold values in the BIT algorithm can be more beneficial in classifying the raw eye data and thus evaluating the individual progress levels of trainees based on their eye movement behaviours. In conclusion, the threshold values had a critical effect on the algorithm results. Since default values may not always be suitable for the unique features of different data sets, guidelines should be developed to indicate how the threshold values are set for each algorithm. INDEX TERMS Eye-movement classification algorithms, eye-movement events, eye-tracking.

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Investigating the Use of Two Low Cost Eye Tracking Systems for Detecting Pupillary Response to Changes in Mental Workload

Cited by 39 publications

References 12 publications

Cognitive mediated eye movements during the SDMT reveal the challenges with processing speed faced by people with MS

Cognitive mediated eye movements during the SDMT reveal the challenges with processing speed faced by people with MS

Insights From Pupil Size to Mental Workload of Surgical Residents: Feasibility of an Educational Computer-Based Surgical Simulation Environment (ECE) Considering the Hand Condition

Evaluation of Ten Open-Source Eye-Movement Classification Algorithms in Simulated Surgical Scenarios

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