“…It should be noted that recent empirical studies on the energy consumption-economic growth nexus in African countries have failed to reach a consensus as to the direction of causality. Most of these studies have used various econometrics approaches in their analysis (see Odhiambo, 2009Odhiambo, , 2010Odhiambo, , 2016Kebede et al, 2010;Al-Mulali and Sab, 2012;Omri, and Kahouli, 2014;Iyke, 2015;Shahbaz et al, 2017;Ranjbar et al, 2017;Kumar et al, 2015;Salahuddin et al, 2015;Hassom and Masih, 2017;Bah and Azam, 2017;Dlamini et al, 2015Dlamini et al, , 2016Menyah and Wolde-Rufael, 2010). Al-Mulali and Sab (2012) also found that, at the country level, feedback long-run positive relationship between the trade variables, energy consumption and CO 2 emission takes place generally when the share of trade in GDP is high and when the country's level of development is high.…”