“…Following Ben‐Eliyahu, Moore, Dorph, and Schunn (), we generally define engagement as processes that indicate productive participation in learning activities. At the same time, we acknowledge the multidimensional nature of engagement, with behavioural, emotional and cognitive dimensions described in the literature (Ben‐Eliyahu et al, ; Sinatra et al, ; Skinner, Pitzer, & Brule, ). In this study, we focused on behavioural engagement, which refers to active, observable participation in learning activities as typified by effort, exertion, time and persistence (Guthrie & Klauda, ; Guthrie, Wigfield, & You, ; Sinatra et al, ; Skinner et al, ), and can be measured through displays of the investment of time, effort and persistence in learning activities (Ben‐Eliyahu et al, ; Guthrie & Klauda, ; Sinatra et al, .…”