Investigating Particulate and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle for a Real-World Driving Scenario

Feinauer, Mario; Ehrenberger, Simone; Epple, Fabius; Schripp, Tobias; Grein, Tobias

doi:10.3390/app12031404

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In summary, the particle emissions did not benefit from charged REESS, but in some cases the emissions were higher in this trip of ~91 km even with fully charged REESS. This finding is in agreement with previous studies [26,28] which found that the high-load cold-start emissions of PHEVs may dominate the total SPN 23 emissions.…”

Section: Regulated On-road Testssupporting

confidence: 94%

On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions

et al. 2022

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are a promising technology for reducing the tailpipe emissions of CO2 as well as air pollutants, especially in urban environments. However, several studies raise questions over their after-treatment exhaust efficiency when their internal combustion engine (ICE) ignites. The rationale is the high ICE load during the cold start in combination with the cold conditions of the after-treatment devices. In this study, we measured the solid particle number (SPN) emissions of two Euro 6d and one Euro 6d-TEMP gasoline direct injection (GDI) PHEVs (electric range 52–61 km) all equipped with a gasoline particulate filter, in the laboratory and on-road with different states of charge of the rechargeable electric energy storage system (REESS) and ambient temperatures. All vehicles met the regulation limits but it was observed that, even for fully charged REESS, when the ICE ignited SPN emissions were similar or even higher in some cases compared to the operation of these vehicles solely with their ICE (discharged REESS) and also when compared to conventional GDI vehicles. On-road SPN emission rate spikes during the first 30 s after a cold start were, on average, 2 to 15 times higher with charged compared to discharged REESS due to higher SPN concentrations and exhaust flow rates. For one vehicle in the laboratory under identical driving conditions, the ICE ignition at high load resulted in 10-times-higher SPN emission rate spikes at cold-start compared to hot-start. At −10 °C, for all tested vehicles, the ICE ignited at the beginning of the cycle even when the REESS was fully charged, and SPN emissions increased from 30% to 80% compared to the cycle at 23 °C in which the ICE ignited. The concentration of particles below 23 nm, which is the currently regulated lower particle size, was low (≤18%), showing that particles larger than 23 nm were mainly emitted irrespective of cold or hot engine operation and ambient temperature.

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Section: Regulated On-road Testssupporting

confidence: 94%

On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions

et al. 2022

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“…Even though the vehicle emission levels have decreased over the last few years, such instruments remain necessary for research and development, e.g., for the optimization of the combustion process, the assessment of cold start, regeneration, or different fuels [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. For regulatory purposes, size distribution measurements are necessary for determining the lowest size that needs to be measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Particle Sizers and Counters with Soot-like, Salt, and Silver Particles

Giechaskiel

Melas

2022

Atmosphere

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Vehicle emission regulations in Europe and many Asian countries include a particle number limit. The number concentration is measured, typically, with condensation particle counters (CPCs). For research purposes, the size distributions provide useful information. Scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPSs) accurately provide the size distribution but are not suitable for transient aerosol. Engine (fast) exhaust particle sizers (EEPSs) cover this gap, but with less accuracy. Fast size distribution instruments are commonly used in the research and development of engines. In the last few years, instrument algorithms have been improved, but studies assessing the improvements are limited, in particular in their lower size range, around 10–20 nm, and for soot-like aerosol. In this paper, we compared the three instruments using salt, silver, diffusion flame soot (CAST), and spark discharge graphite particles. Moreover, vehicle exhaust number concentration measurements with EEPSs over a seven-year period were presented. In terms of particle concentration, EEPS overestimated, on average, 25% compared to CPC, in agreement with previous studies. Its accuracy for mean particle size determination was better than 5 nm compared to SMPS. The agreement between the instruments was satisfactory but the uncertainty increased at low concentrations and larger particle sizes, showing that there is still room for further improvements. Experimental challenges, such as low concentration levels of modern vehicles, losses in the diluters, use of photometric mode by the CPCs, and the material impact, are also discussed.

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“…Researchers have been exploring the impact brought by different factors on fuel economy and emissions. Studied showed that driving scenarios beyond the boundary conditions of real driving emissions can lead to substantial increases of pollutant emissions [22]. Wróblewski et al's research results demonstrated the driving techniques that bring measurable effects in terms of reduced energy consumption and the shortest travelling duration [23].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission from HEV, PHEV and BEV for China in the Past, Present and Future

Wang

Song

et al. 2022

Energies

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In order to fulfill the commitment of China to achieve carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, all industries have been taking their respective carbon reduction actions. The transportation industry accounts for 11% of CO2 emission of the whole society, and its energy conservation and carbon reduction benefit is of great significance to the national carbon reduction process. New energy vehicles are undoubtedly one of the most important means of carbon emission reduction in the transportation sector. However, electric vehicles still have CO2 emissions, as the fossil fuel use comes from upstream power. To systematically and comprehensively evaluate the CO2 emissions of HEV, PHEV and BEV in the whole process, this study introduces the life-cycle method to research on the past and current situations, and predict future scenarios for ICEV and EV light-duty vehicles at the national and regional levels, by deeply analyzing the generation mix and generating efficiency from the WTT stage, and fuel economy from the TTW stage. The study shows that compared with ICEV, HEV and PHEV could reduce around 30% of CO2 emissions. Currently, BEV could reduce 37% of CO2 emission in the region where the proportion of coal-fired power is high, and 90% of CO2 emission in the region where the proportion of hydro power is high. This study discusses the impact of the proportion of renewable energy application on the carbon emissions from electric vehicles, analyzes the environmental benefits of promoting electric vehicles in different regions, and lays a foundation for the promotion strategy of electric vehicles for different regions in the future.

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Investigating Particulate and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle for a Real-World Driving Scenario

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions

On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions

Comparison of Particle Sizers and Counters with Soot-like, Salt, and Silver Particles

Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission from HEV, PHEV and BEV for China in the Past, Present and Future

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