Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission from HEV, PHEV and BEV for China in the Past, Present and Future

Abstract

In order to fulfill the commitment of China to achieve carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, all industries have been taking their respective carbon reduction actions. The transportation industry accounts for 11% of CO2 emission of the whole society, and its energy conservation and carbon reduction benefit is of great significance to the national carbon reduction process. New energy vehicles are undoubtedly one of the most important means of carbon emission reduction in the transportation sector. However, electric vehicles still have CO2 emissions, as the fossil fuel use comes from upstream power. To systematically and comprehensively evaluate the CO2 emissions of HEV, PHEV and BEV in the whole process, this study introduces the life-cycle method to research on the past and current situations, and predict future scenarios for ICEV and EV light-duty vehicles at the national and regional levels, by deeply analyzing the generation mix and generating efficiency from the WTT stage, and fuel economy from the TTW stage. The study shows that compared with ICEV, HEV and PHEV could reduce around 30% of CO2 emissions. Currently, BEV could reduce 37% of CO2 emission in the region where the proportion of coal-fired power is high, and 90% of CO2 emission in the region where the proportion of hydro power is high. This study discusses the impact of the proportion of renewable energy application on the carbon emissions from electric vehicles, analyzes the environmental benefits of promoting electric vehicles in different regions, and lays a foundation for the promotion strategy of electric vehicles for different regions in the future.

Upgrading Passenger Vehicle Emission Standard Helps to Reduce China’s Air Pollution Risk from Uncertainty in Electrification

“…Previous studies reported that the life-cycle CO 2 and NO x emissions of PHEVs in China on a single-vehicle scale were lower than ICEV, but SO 2 and PM 2.5 emissions were higher than ICEV . The battery production process for PHEVs and the conversion to renewable energy generation to produce emission reductions are difficult and uncertain to achieve in the short term. , Therefore, the driving cycle emission reductions of APs for PHEVs will be important in the future. Our results show that future APs emissions from PHEVs will still grow due to increased ownership (Figure C–F).…”

“…61 The battery production process for PHEVs and the conversion to renewable energy generation to produce emission reductions are difficult and uncertain to achieve in the short term. 62,63 Therefore, the driving cycle emission reductions of APs for PHEVs will be important in the future. Our results show that future APs emissions from PHEVs will still grow due to increased ownership (Figure 3C−F).…”

Circular Economy Aspects of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Reluctance Machine Design for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Review

“…The environmental impact of BEVs during the use phase greatly depends on the electricity mix of the corresponding region [36][37][38]. For example, case studies are available for Hungary, Belgium, Italy, China, and the US [39][40][41][42][43], showing the apparent differences between the well-to-wheel CO 2 emission of BEVs in those countries depending on the electricity mix, driving style, and vehicle type. Furthermore, the greenhouse gas emissions significantly depend on the electricity mix over the whole life cycle considering the production and EoL phase [44,45], shown in Figure 4.…”

Research on Brand Equity of Intelligent Connected Vehicles in China

“…China is taking corresponding carbon emission reduction actions in all industries, which is also to fulfil China's global commitment to achieve a carbon peak by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Although reducing CO2 emissions is something that all industries need to work together, in the study of combating global climate change, the field of transportation is the focus of attention, because a large amount of fossil fuels are used in the traditional transportation field, and the use of automobiles Carbon emissions account for 80% of the original traffic, mainly dominated by diesel locomotives, because diesel locomotives use fossil fuels and generate a lot of carbon emissions during use, and these carbon emissions are the cause of climate change (Wang et al, 2022). In order to achieve environmental protection goals, new energy vehicles may be an effective solution in the transportation field.…”