Investigating explosive and material properties by use of the plate dent test

Pimbley, George H.; Bowman, A.L.; Fox, William P.; Kershner, J.D.; Mader, Charles L.; Urizar, M.J.

doi:10.2172/6742166

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The correlation between the VOD and the CJ pressure is significantly improved by increasing the explosive diameter and confining mass as shown in Table 3, suggesting greater reactivity of the binary explosive, similar to the findings of other researchers [10,18]. Despite the improvement, a substantial difference exists in measured data versus the theoretical state.…”

Section: Source Cannisters and Deploymentsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…For comparison, dent plates may be considered a scaled analog to geology cratering studies with zero height of burst. Some researchers have made correlations between dent depth and VOD [17], while others have even used the data to estimate CJ pressure (P CJ ) [18]. The dent plate data is interpreted and compared to calculations or published values.…”

Section: Source Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Axial output from CHNO explosives typically produces an observable dent on the dent plate similar in diameter to the explosive column. One of the more notable artifacts revealed from high-fidelity imaging is the presence of a secondary feature not captured in the methods of Pimbley [18] or Montesi [17]. As shown in Figure 7, the secondary dent feature is approximately 50 % larger than the initial column diameter.…”

Section: Source Down Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and response of three TNT equivalent materials in subsurface explosions

Robey,

Young,

Ingraham

2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Energetic compositions utilized for inducing seismic responses are often referred to in terms of their TNT equivalent, a metric which is often misused because observations of interest are not often understood with respect to explosive characteristics. In this investigation, we characterize three energetic compositions used to elicit seismic responses in a highly instrumented testbed to further our understanding of subsurface TNT equivalence. Three different energetic sources are prepared and studied for their fidelity to thermochemically predicted detonation behavior. We present effects of subsurface detonation on subsurface rock and seismic emission as a function of energetic source material within the testbed. Field experiments were conducted using a single thermochemical yield of 5 kg using diverse sources consisting of nitromethane, ammonal, and PBXN‐5 (an HMX based plastic bonded explosive) mixtures at the Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center in Socorro, New Mexico. Relative performance of energy density‐related detonation parameters, such as detonation velocity and pressure, affect the observed response in the subsurface. Most notable, equal thermochemical yields described in terms of TNT equivalence do not correlate to equal thermochemical effects in the subsurface.

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Section: Source Cannisters and Deploymentsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Source Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Source Down Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and response of three TNT equivalent materials in subsurface explosions

Robey,

Young,

Ingraham

2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…While the measured dent volume for HL7 was 2.17 cm 3 , with a depth of 4.25 mm and a diameter of 37.61 mm (Figure d,h,l; Table ) implying a great brisance capability correlating with its detonation overpressure, the dent volume of HL3 was found to be lower, of 1.31 cm 3 , with a depth of 2.59 mm and a diameter of 34.25 mm (Figure c,g,k; Table ). Although HL3 had greater detonation overpressure than both HL7 and HNS, the emanating low volume and low diameter of the dent on the witness plate can be attributed to lower brisance as a result of lower achieved density under equal mechanical compression (0.5 ton) applied during the preparation of all charges …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Crystal Features of Thermostable Energetic Materials: Guidelines for Architecture of “Bridged” Compounds

et al. 2019

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Extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculation and data analysis on molecular and crystal level features of 60 reported energetic materials (EMs) allowed us to define key descriptors that are characteristics of these compounds' thermostability. We see these descriptors as reminiscent of "Lipinski's rule of 5", which revolutionized the design of new orally active pharmaceutical molecules. The proposed descriptors for thermostable EMs are of a type of molecular design, location and type of the weakest bond in the energetic molecule, as well as specific ranges of oxygen balance, crystal packing coefficient, Hirshfeld surface hydrogen bonding, and crystal lattice energy. On this basis, we designed three new thermostable EMs containing bridged, 3,5-dinitropyrazole moieties, HL3, HL7, and HL9, which were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated in small-scale field detonation experiments. The best overall performing compound HL7 exhibited an onset decomposition temperature of 341 °C and has a density of 1.865 g cm −3 , and the calculated velocity of detonation and maximum detonation pressure were 8517 m s −1 and 30.6 GPa, respectively. Considering HL7's impressive safety parameters [impact sensitivity (IS) = 22 J; friction sensitivity (FS) = 352; and electrostatic discharge sensitivity (ESD) = 1.05 J] and the results of small-scale field detonation experiments, the proposed guidelines should further promote the rational design of novel thermostable EMs, suitable for deep well drilling, space exploration, and other high-value defense and civil applications.

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“…One important advantage of the plate dent test is the calculation of detonation pressure using an empirical correlation [20]. Cold-rolled steel plate of given hardness is usually used; however, sometimes plate dent tests are also conducted using aluminum alloy plates [21]. In the reported tests, ANFO explosive with an ammonium nitrate/fuel oil ratio of 94.4/5.6 was used for the measurement, with bulk density ranging from 0.85 to 0.88 g/cm 3 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Confinement on Detonation Velocity and Plate Dent Test Results for ANFO Explosive

et al. 2022

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The detonation properties of nonideal explosives are highly dependent on charge diameter and existence and properties of confinement. In this study, the effect of different confinements on the detonation velocity of ANFO explosives was experimentally determined along with the results of the plate dent test. ANFO explosive was selected as one of the most commonly used nonideal explosives. Following the measurement results, we found that the detonation velocity increased with increasing wall thickness, and the velocity increase was different for different confinement materials. A strong correlation existed between the ratio of the mass of confiner and explosive (M/C) and the detonation velocity (R = 0.995), and between (M/C) and the depth of the dent (δ) (R = 0.975). The data presented in this paper represent preliminary findings in developing a confinement model required for reliable numerical modeling of nonideal explosives.

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Investigating explosive and material properties by use of the plate dent test

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization and response of three TNT equivalent materials in subsurface explosions

Characterization and response of three TNT equivalent materials in subsurface explosions

Molecular and Crystal Features of Thermostable Energetic Materials: Guidelines for Architecture of “Bridged” Compounds

Effect of Confinement on Detonation Velocity and Plate Dent Test Results for ANFO Explosive

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