Effect of Confinement on Detonation Velocity and Plate Dent Test Results for ANFO Explosive

Bohanek, Vječislav; Sućeska, Muhamed; Dobrilović, Mario; Hartlieb, Philipp

doi:10.3390/en15124404

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…It was found in our previous work (Bohanek et al, 2022) that detonation velocities of confined ANFO charges correlate very well with mC/mE ratio, regardless of the material type. We were able to describe the…”

Section: Measurement Resultssupporting

confidence: 49%

“…Unfortunately, experimental data under controlled confinement conditions is sparse and often shows large statistical variations (Shoch and Nikiforakis, 2014). The effect of different confinement, such as cardboard, plastic, metals, or different types of rocks, on detonation parameters of ANFO is studied by several researchers (Arai et al, 2004;Bohanek et al, 2022;Esen, 2004;Jackson et al, 2010Jackson et al, , 2011Souers et al, 2004, Short andJackson, 2015). Eyring et al (1949) were the first to propose an equation for the prediction of detonation velocity of confined cylindrical explosive charges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Confining Materials on Detonation Parameters of Anfo Explosive

Bohanek,

Sućeska,

Dobrilović

et al. 2024

MGPB

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Due to the low manufacturing cost and ease of handling, ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) is one of the most popular mining explosives. ANFO explosive is a typical representative of non-ideal explosives, which means that its detonation properties are strongly dependent on the charge diameter and the existence and properties of the confinement. In this work, the effect of different confining materials on the detonation properties of ANFO explosive is studied experimentally, and by hydrocode simulation by varying charge diameter, and the type and thickness of the confining materials. The results show that, along with the diameter of the charge, density and thickness of the confining material have a key impact on the detonation properties. An empirical confinement model, applicable in the range 0.3 < mC/mE < 15, is proposed. The model enables the estimation of detonation velocity of confined ANFO charges with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 14.25%.

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Section: Measurement Resultssupporting

confidence: 49%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Confining Materials on Detonation Parameters of Anfo Explosive

Bohanek,

Sućeska,

Dobrilović

et al. 2024

MGPB

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“…previous work demonstrated UHP detonability at small scale under heavy confinement, providing an initial labscale characterisation of detonation performance parameters, including velocity of detonation (VoD) records consistent with literature values from large-scale experiments [6]. UHP charges non-ideality was further studied by VoD dependence on charge diameter and confinement [7], a behaviour typically observed for charge diameters in the 10 cm range with explosives detonating at a lower regime, such as ANFO explosives, and particularly emphasised by recent research at small-scale [8,9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 79%

Detonation performance of urea‐hydrogen peroxide (UHP)**

Halleux

Pons

Wilson

et al. 2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Carbamide Peroxide, an adduct of Urea and Hydrogen Peroxide, is commonly used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries as a solid source of hydrogen peroxide. However, it exhibits explosive properties and can be easily manufactured from readily available household chemicals, making it a potential emerging threat. We carried out a detailed performance assessment, combining experiments, thermochemical calculations and numerical simulations and highlighted a good level of agreement between experimental data from lab, field and underwater firings. A maximum detonation velocity of 3.65 km/s was recorded for unconfined 25 kg UHP charges at 0.85 g/cm 3 (200 mm charge diameter). We determined in these conditions an infinite diameter detonation velocity of 3.94 km/s. These results are also consistent with previous results obtained at small scale under heavy confinement. Airblast measurements highlighted an average 40 % TNT equivalence for impulse and 55 % for peak overpressure at short distance, which are in good agreement with the 57 % (Power Index) calculated from Explo5, while 50 % for bubble energy (explosive power) and 20 % for shock pressure (brisance) were obtained from underwater experiments. The use of different experimental approaches has proven useful to characterise the performances parameters of a non-ideal explosive for risk assessment purposes. K E Y W O R D Sdetonation, non ideal explosive, performance, urea hydrogen peroxide | INTRODUCTIONCarbamide Peroxide or Urea Hydrogen Peroxide (UHP) is commonly used in the dental, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries as a solid source of hydrogen peroxide. This adduct can also be easily manufactured from readily available household chemicals. Like other oxidisers such as ammonium perchlorate [1] or ammonium nitrate [2], UHP exhibits explosive properties [3,4] and could represent a potential emerging threat. Determining UHP detonation performance parameters is hence important for safety purposes.Because there is a need to predict large-scale explosive behaviour from small-scale experiments [5], our

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“…The consequences of the non‐ideal behaviour of ANFO are manifested in the strong dependence of the detonation parameters on the charge diameter [3, 6, 7], existence and characteristics of the confinement [8–13], in a curved shock front [2, 7, 14–16], the existence of a fraction of unreacted ANFO at the sonic point [2, 3, 14], and a large failure diameter [6, 16]. The effects of the confinement characteristic on the detonation properties of ANFO are studied by several researchers [8–11, 17, 18]. Some of them studied this effect experimentally [8, 11, 17], while others employed numerical simulation [12, 18–23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An empirical confinement model for ANFO explosive

Suceska,

Bohanek,

Dobrilovic

et al. 2024

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Ammonium‐nitrate‐fuel‐oil (ANFO) explosive, one of the most used mining explosives, exhibits highly non‐ideal behaviour. The non‐ideality of the detonation is manifested in the strong dependence of the detonation velocity on the charge radius and existence and the characteristics of confinement. This can lead to the detonation velocities as low as one‐third of the ideal velocity. The literature reported experimental detonation velocities of cylindrical ANFO charges confined in different confiners (aluminium, copper, steel, polymethyl methacrylate, and polyvinyl chloride) are analysed in this paper. An empirical confinement model, which relates the detonation velocity to the charge radius and the mass of the confiner to the mass of explosive ratio per unit length, is proposed. The model predicts the detonation velocity of unconfined and confined ANFO charges with a mean average percentage error of 8.8 %.

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Effect of Confinement on Detonation Velocity and Plate Dent Test Results for ANFO Explosive

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Influence of Confining Materials on Detonation Parameters of Anfo Explosive

Influence of Confining Materials on Detonation Parameters of Anfo Explosive

Detonation performance of urea‐hydrogen peroxide (UHP)**

An empirical confinement model for ANFO explosive

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