Investigating cognitive task difficulties and expert skills in e-Learning storyboards using a cognitive task analysis technique

A multi-disciplinary review of knowledge acquisition methods: From human to autonomous eliciting agents

“…Comprehensive reviews of the major body of TD techniques and their applications can be found in [49,190,207,98]. Recently, task diagram methods have been used extensively in various fields, such as in medical domain in clinical research and pathology [209,205], in serious games [10,193], in ergonomics and human factors [149] or in instructional design [214] applications. In the last decade the classic task diagram methods also evolved towards a different elicitation approach called Graphic Elicitation [202] in which diagrams, photos or various forms of visual arts are used for stimulating experts' thoughts on task structure and performance, or in the reverse process experts are asked to provide visual representation of the personal understanding of tasks, concepts, experiences and behaviours.…”

“…The method was proposed in the 1980's and a number of reviews on knowledge acquisition describing various knowledge audit techniques and their applications are available in the literature [49,190,44,98]. Recently the knowledge audit methods have been used in various fields such as serious games [10,193], business and organisational development [174,83,54], transportation and energy sectors [44,173], and learning and instructional design [214].…”

“…The method identifies the components of a task that are cog-nitively demanding and facilitates their further application in the task design cycles. Versions of the Cognitive Demands Table have been also used as part of ACTA [143], especially in very recent studies providing extensive coverage of a wide range of applications in numerous fields, such as medicine, ergonomics and human factors, psychology, economics, learning and instructional design, or games and virtual environments [172,83,214,54,21,56,27,170].…”

“…These were linked to acquisition methods such as observation and interviews, verbal protocol, questionnaires, etc. Later, Yates [210] notes that Bainbridge was also the first to suggest that a combination of techniques must be used in the KA process in order to ensure validity of the exercise; this became a common practice in KA, with a majority of the researchers in the field supporting the idea [49,143,190,214].…”

Adaptive Flexibility

“…Successful CTA should progress through a number of stages (Clark, Feldon, van Merriënboer, Yates, & Early, 2008; Hoffman, Crandall, & Klein, 2008), proceeding from preparatory steps to knowledge elicitation, data analysis, and, finally, knowledge representation (Yusoff & Salim, 2012). Through consideration of the available CTA knowledge elicitation techniques, it was decided that the critical decision method (CDM) interview protocol would be most suitable to retrospectively examine the tactical decision-making processes of AFOs and SFOs during a previous firearms incident that they considered to be nonroutine.…”