Invertebrate Iridoviruses: A Glance over the Last Decade

İnce, İkbal Agah; Özcan, Orhan; Ilter-Akulke, Ayca Zeynep; Scully, Erin D.; Özgen, Arzu

doi:10.3390/v10040161

Cited by 39 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 162 publications

(202 reference statements)

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“…This may depend on expression levels and infection stage. Indeed, variable gene expression during different stages of infection occurs commonly among iridoviruses [49,50,51,52]. Moreover, our estimates of prevalence are conservative, as the assay is sensitive to sequence variation, so related strains of ENV could be missed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Phylogeny of Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus (ENV) in Salmon Suggests Marine Origin

Pagowski

Mordecai

Miller

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) affects over 20 species of marine and anadromous fishes in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. However, the distribution and strain variation of its viral causative agent, erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV), has not been well characterized within Pacific salmon. Here, metatranscriptomic sequencing of Chinook salmon revealed that ENV infecting salmon was closely related to ENV from Pacific herring, with inferred amino-acid sequences from Chinook salmon being 99% identical to those reported for herring. Sequence analysis also revealed 89 protein-encoding sequences attributed to ENV, greatly expanding the amount of genetic information available for this virus. High-throughput PCR of over 19,000 fish showed that ENV is widely distributed in the NE Pacific Ocean and was detected in 12 of 16 tested species, including in 27% of herring, 38% of anchovy, 17% of pollock, and 13% of sand lance. Despite frequent detection in marine fish, ENV prevalence was significantly lower in fish from freshwater (0.03%), as assessed with a generalized linear mixed effects model (p = 5.5 × 10−8). Thus, marine fish are likely a reservoir for the virus. High genetic similarity between ENV obtained from salmon and herring also suggests that transmission between these hosts is likely.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Phylogeny of Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus (ENV) in Salmon Suggests Marine Origin

Pagowski

Mordecai

Miller

et al. 2019

Viruses

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“…Many representatives have relevance for agriculture or nature conservation, but their inability to infect mammalian hosts somewhat limited the study of this diverse virus family, and especially that of the IIVs. Comprehensive reviews have been written about research progress on this group of viruses over the last decades [4,5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, non-lethal covert (or inapparent) infections are also common, and can manifest in reduced lifespans and/or reproduction rates [10]. Despite descriptions of IIVs in many different hosts on all continents except Antarctica, full genome sequences are currently only available from nine IIV isolates [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Characterization of Invertebrate Iridoviruses Found in Reptiles and Prey Insects in Europe over the Past Two Decades

Papp

Marschang

2019

Viruses

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Invertebrate iridoviruses (IIVs), while mostly described in a wide range of invertebrate hosts, have also been repeatedly detected in diagnostic samples from poikilothermic vertebrates including reptiles and amphibians. Since iridoviruses from invertebrate and vertebrate hosts differ strongly from one another based not only on host range but also on molecular characteristics, a series of molecular studies and bioassays were performed to characterize and compare IIVs from various hosts and evaluate their ability to infect a vertebrate host. Eight IIV isolates from reptilian and orthopteran hosts collected over a period of six years were partially sequenced. Comparison of eight genome portions (total over 14 kbp) showed that these were all very similar to one another and to an earlier described cricket IIV isolate, thus they were given the collective name lizard–cricket IV (Liz–CrIV). One isolate from a chameleon was also subjected to Illumina sequencing and almost the entire genomic sequence was obtained. Comparison of this longer genome sequence showed several differences to the most closely related IIV, Invertebrate iridovirus 6 (IIV6), the type species of the genus Iridovirus, including several deletions and possible recombination sites, as well as insertions of genes of non-iridoviral origin. Three isolates from vertebrate and invertebrate hosts were also used for comparative studies on pathogenicity in crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) at 20 and 30 °C. Finally, the chameleon isolate used for the genome sequencing studies was also used in a transmission study with bearded dragons. The transmission studies showed large variability in virus replication and pathogenicity of the three tested viruses in crickets at the two temperatures. In the infection study with bearded dragons, lizards inoculated with a Liz–CrIV did not become ill, but the virus was detected in numerous tissues by qPCR and was also isolated in cell culture from several tissues. Highest viral loads were measured in the gastro-intestinal organs and in the skin. These studies demonstrate that Liz–CrIV circulates in the pet trade in Europe. This virus is capable of infecting both invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates, although its involvement in disease in the latter has not been proven.

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“…In one example, viral factories are associated with the paracrystalline arrays of iridovirus formed inside the cytoplasm of infected cells (Figure 2a and b) [48]. Though the mechanism of this assembly remains largely unknown, the result is the crystalline close packing of the iridovirus particles giving rise to the iridescent properties associated with high levels of infection [55,56]. The iridescence is indicative of infection; however, this feature has prompted the study and use of this virus toward the design and construction of bio-photonic crystals [57][58][59].…”

Section: Capsid-capsid Interactions and Collective Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus capsid assembly across different length scales inspire the development of virus-based biomaterials

Selivanovitch

Douglas

2019

Current Opinion in Virology

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In biology, there are an abundant number of self-assembled structures organized according to hierarchical levels of complexity. In some examples, the assemblies formed at each level exhibit unique properties and behaviors not present in individual components. Viruses are an example of such where first individual subunits come together to form a capsid structure, some utilizing a scaffolding protein to template or catalyze the capsid formation. Increasing the level of complexity, the viral capsids can then be used as building blocks of higher-level assemblies. This has inspired scientists to design and construct virus capsid-based functional nanomaterials. This review provides some insight into the assembly of virus capsids across several length scales, and certain properties that arise at different levels, providing examples found in naturally occurring systems and those that are synthetically designed.

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Invertebrate Iridoviruses: A Glance over the Last Decade

Cited by 39 publications

References 162 publications

Distribution and Phylogeny of Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus (ENV) in Salmon Suggests Marine Origin

Distribution and Phylogeny of Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus (ENV) in Salmon Suggests Marine Origin

Detection and Characterization of Invertebrate Iridoviruses Found in Reptiles and Prey Insects in Europe over the Past Two Decades

Virus capsid assembly across different length scales inspire the development of virus-based biomaterials

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