Distribution and Phylogeny of Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus (ENV) in Salmon Suggests Marine Origin

Pagowski, Veronica A.; Mordecai, Gideon; Miller, Kristina M.; Schulze, Angela D.; Kaukinen, Karia H.; Ming, Tobi J.; Li, Shaorong; Teffer, Amy K.; Tabata, Amy; Suttle, Curtis A.

doi:10.3390/v11040358

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Together, they form a clade which clusters with the Betairidovirinae subfamily members. Although betairidoviruses were traditionally thought to be an invertebrate-dominated group, our findings further support the existence of betairidovirus-like viral clades infecting vertebrates ( Pagowski et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Discovery of Novel Viruses Associated With the Invasive Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) in Its Native and Introduced Ranges

et al. 2021

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Cane toads (Rhinella marina) are notoriously successful invaders: from 101 individuals brought to Australia in 1935, poisonous toads now cover an area >1.2 million km2 with adverse effects on native fauna. Despite extensive research on the role of macroparasites in cane toad invasion, viral research is lagging. We compared viral prevalence and diversity between toads in their native range (French Guiana, n=25) and two introduced ranges: Australia (n=151) and Hawai’i (n=10) with a metatranscriptomic and metagenomic approach combined with PCR screening. Australian toads almost exclusively harbor one of seven viruses detected globally. Rhimavirus-A (Picornaviridae) exhibited low genetic diversity and likely actively infected 9% of sampled Australian toads extending across ~2,000km of Northern Australia and up to the current invasion front. In native range cane toads, we identified multiple phylogenetically distinct viruses (Iridoviridae, Picornaviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Nackedna-like virus). None of the same viruses was detected in both ranges, suggesting that Australian cane toads have largely escaped the viral infection experienced by their native range counterparts. The novel native range viruses described here are potential biocontrol agents, as Australian toads likely lack prior immunological exposure to these viruses. Overall, our evidence suggests that there may be differences between viruses infecting cane toads in their native vs. introduced ranges, which lays the groundwork for further studies on how these viruses have influenced the toads’ invasion history.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Discovery of Novel Viruses Associated With the Invasive Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) in Its Native and Introduced Ranges

et al. 2021

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“…Using these results, we then assigned a virus as ‘vertebrate-associated’ based on sequence similarity to established vertebrate viruses on the NCBI databases, as well as e-value. Final confirmation was based on phylogenetic analysis (see below) as vertebrate and non-vertebrate viruses often exhibit a large degree of genetic divergence and hence are phylogenetically distinct [47, 51]. Viruses were defined as novel based on the broad criteria by The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (https://talk.ictvonline.org).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited Cross-Species Virus Transmission in a Spatially Restricted Coral Reef Fish Community

Costa

Bellwood

Mifsud

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) — the largest coral reef ecosystem in the world — supports over 1200 fish species with some of the highest population densities and diversities seen in vertebrates, offering a high potential for virus transmission among species. As such, the GBR represents an exceptional natural ecosystem to determine the impact of host community diversity on virus evolution and emergence. In recent decades the GBR has also experienced significant threats of extinction, making it one of the most vulnerable ecosystems on the planet. However, our understanding of virus diversity and connectivity in tropical reef fishes remains poor. Here, we employed metatranscriptomic sequencing to reveal the viromes of 61 reef fish species. This identified a total of 132 viruses, 38 of which were vertebrate-associated and therefore likely infecting the fish, including a novel isolate of Santee-cooper ranavirus (Iridoviridae). Notably, we found little evidence for virus transmission between fish species living within a very restricted geographical space — a 100 m2 coral reef ecosystem — suggesting that there might be important host genetic barriers to successful cross-species transmission despite regular exposure. We also identified differences in virome composition between reef fish families, such that cryptobenthic reef fishes — characterized by small body sizes and short life-spans — exhibited greater virome richness compared to large reef fishes. This study suggests that there are important barriers to cross-species transmission, and that successful emergence in a reef fish community likely requires active host adaptation, even among closely related host species.

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“…are ecologically, economically and culturally important to the North Eastern Pacific Ocean region (DFO, ). The decline of several species of WPS in the region has been recognized (Hyatt, Johannes, & Stockwell, ; Nehlsen, Williams, & Lichatowich, ; Ruggeron & Irvine, ) and responded to with increased investment in fisheries research to investigate potential causes and management solutions for this decline (Pacific Salmon Commission, ). Given the connectivity among vast watercourses, the population‐level impact of infectious agents on the survival of wild salmonids remains speculative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of infectious agent occurrence in wild salmonids in British Columbia, Canada

Jia

Delphino

Awosile

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Wild Pacific salmonids (WPS) are economically and culturally important to the Pacific North region. Most recently, some populations of WPS have been in decline. Of hypothesized factors contributing to the decline, infectious agents have been postulated to increase the risk of mortality in Pacific salmon. We present a literature review of both published journal and unpublished data to describe the distribution of infectious agents reported in wild Pacific salmonid populations in British Columbia (BC), Canada. We targeted 10 infectious agents, considered to potentially cause severe economic losses in Atlantic salmon or be of conservation concern for wild salmon in BC. The findings indicated a low frequency of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, piscine orthoreovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum, Piscirickettsia salmonis and other Rickettsia-like organisms, Yersinia ruckeri, Tenacibaculum maritimum and Moritella viscosa. No positive results were reported for infestations with Paramoeba perurans in peer-reviewed papers and the DFO Fish Pathology Program database. This review synthesizes existinginformation, as well as gaps therein, that can support the design and implementation of a long-term surveillance programme of infectious agents in wild salmonids in BC. K E Y W O R D SBritish Columbia, historical review, infectious agents, wild Pacific salmonids

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Distribution and Phylogeny of Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus (ENV) in Salmon Suggests Marine Origin

Cited by 12 publications

References 54 publications

Discovery of Novel Viruses Associated With the Invasive Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) in Its Native and Introduced Ranges

Discovery of Novel Viruses Associated With the Invasive Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) in Its Native and Introduced Ranges

Limited Cross-Species Virus Transmission in a Spatially Restricted Coral Reef Fish Community

Review of infectious agent occurrence in wild salmonids in British Columbia, Canada

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