Inventory Data and Case Studies for Environmental Performance Evaluation of Concrete Structure Construction

Kawai, Kenji; Sugiyama, Takafumi; Kobayashi, Koichi; Sano, Susumu

doi:10.3151/jact.3.435

Cited by 55 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Energy consumption in atmospheric steam curing is well studied. It is approximately 164 kWh for cubic meter concrete [2] and costs $9.84. With reference to steam, the cost by 4-hour initial curing is comparable but the cost by 18-hour initial curing is too high.…”

Section: E the Network Operation And Cost Estimatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A mass curve was recorded as mass versus time until the end of the process at which time CO 2 was released and the residual mass, M, was measured. The system was calibrated by repeating the tests using CO 2 -insensitive styrofoam samples of the same volume to obtain second residual mass, m. The difference between M and m represented the CO 2 uptake by concrete (2). The data obtained from mass gain and mass curve are independent from any carbon content existing before carbonation.…”

Section: Carbon Uptake Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While steam curing accelerates strength gain and shortens the production cycles, the process itself is energy intensive. It is estimated, for one cubic meter of concrete in block form, atmospheric pressure steam curing consumes 0.59 Gigajoules per m 3 of concrete and autoclave curing consumes 0.71 Gigajoules per m 3 of concrete [2].The alternative curing method for CMU production is carbonation curing which uses high purity carbon dioxide (99.5% of CO 2 ) or low purity flue gas (14% of CO 2 ) for accelerated hydration and durability improvement.However, carbonation curing has never been adopted in large-scale production. This was possibly because flue gas carbonation was not effective in hydration acceleration and Manuscript received June 10, 2013; revised July 23, 2013.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Carbon Storage through Concrete Block Carbonation

El-Hassan¹,

Shao²

2014

JOCET

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Abstract-The effect of initial curing on carbonation curing of lightweight concrete masonry units (CMU) was examined. Initial curing was performed from 4 to 18 hours at a relative humidity of 50% and temperature of 25°C. Based on cement content, four-hour carbonation curing allowed concretes to uptake 22% to 24% CO 2 with initial curing and 8.5% without initial curing, while prolonged 4-day carbonation recorded an uptake of 35%. Carbonation curing can replace steam curing in CMU production to accelerate hydration and recycle cement kiln CO 2 in a beneficial manner.Index Terms-Concrete masonry unit, curing, carbonation, carbon uptake. I. INTRODUCTIONConcrete masonry units (CMU) have been widely used in building construction as load bearing and non-load-bearing walls. The North American market for concrete blocks and bricks is projected to increase to 4.3 billion units per year by 2014 [1].In comparison to cast-in-place concrete, masonry block structures not only exhibit superior performance due to precast quality, but also represent a low environmental impact construction system. With reference to 1 m 2 of solid concrete wall, a masonry wall using 200-mm CMU requires 48% less material due to internal cavities, leading to 65% less cement, and 65% less CO 2 emission.CMUs produced in North America are typically steam cured. While steam curing accelerates strength gain and shortens the production cycles, the process itself is energy intensive. It is estimated, for one cubic meter of concrete in block form, atmospheric pressure steam curing consumes 0.59 Gigajoules per m 3 of concrete and autoclave curing consumes 0.71 Gigajoules per m 3 of concrete [2].The alternative curing method for CMU production is carbonation curing which uses high purity carbon dioxide (99.5% of CO 2 ) or low purity flue gas (14% of CO 2 ) for accelerated hydration and durability improvement.However, carbonation curing has never been adopted in large-scale production. This was possibly because flue gas carbonation was not effective in hydration acceleration and Manuscript received June 10, 2013; revised July 23, 2013. This work was supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and Canadian Concrete Masonry Producers Association (CCMPA), and the supply of expanded slag aggregates by Lafarge Canada.Hilal El-Hassan is with the Dept. of Civil Engineering at the American University in Dubai, Dubai Media City, Dubai, UAE, and P.O. BOX 28282 (email: helhassan@aud.edu).Yixin Shao is with the Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2K6 (email: yixin.shao@mcgill.ca). pure gas carbonation was expensive. The latter situation may change in the near future. Large quantities of high purity, low cost carbon dioxide could soon be available as regulations requiring reductions in CO 2 emissions are developed. In this case, pure gas carbonation can simultaneously accelerate the strength, stabilize the dimension, and enhance the durability. By reducing the hydroxyl i...

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Section: E the Network Operation And Cost Estimatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Carbon Uptake Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon Storage through Concrete Block Carbonation

El-Hassan¹,

Shao²

2014

JOCET

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“…Energy intensity in curing with high-pressure steam is around 0.675 MBtu/m3 (0.712 GJ/m3) while energy intensity with steam at low-pressures is around 0.562 MBtu/m3 (0.593GJ/m3) (Kawai et al, 2005). Therefore adopting a less energy intensive system, when possible, results in significant energy savings.…”

Section: Case Study: Autoclave Replacementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Oportunities for the Concrete Industry

Kermeli¹,

Worrell²,

Masanet³

2011

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The U.S. concrete industry is the main consumer of U.S.-produced cement. The manufacturing of ready mixed concrete accounts for more than 75% of the U.S. concrete production following the manufacturing of precast concrete and masonry units. The most significant expenditure is the cost of materials accounting for more than 50% of total concrete production costs -cement only accounts for nearly 24%. In 2009, energy costs of the U.S. concrete industry were over $610 million. Hence, energy efficiency improvements along with efficient use of materials without negatively affecting product quality and yield, especially in times of increased fuel and material costs, can significantly reduce production costs and increase competitiveness.The Energy Guide starts with an overview of the U.S. concrete industry's structure and energy use, a description of the various manufacturing processes, and identification of the major energy consuming areas in the different industry segments. This is followed by a description of general and process related energy-and cost-efficiency measures applicable to the concrete industry. Specific energy and cost savings and a typical payback period are included based on literature and case studies, when available. The Energy Guide intends to provide information on cost reduction opportunities to energy and plant managers in the U.S. concrete industry. Every cost saving opportunity should be assessed carefully prior to implementation in individual plants, as the economics and the potential energy and material savings may differ.

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Application of performance‐based environmental design to concrete and concrete structures

Kawai

2011

Structural Concrete

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The environmental impact and the effect of its reduction must be assessed quantitatively if we are to show clearly the effect of lowering the environmental impact of concrete and concrete structures. One of the quantitative evaluation methods is to regard and verify the environmental impact of concrete and concrete structures as an environmental performance in accordance with the performance‐based design method. This article briefly describes the performance‐based environmental design method prepared by fib Commission 3 TG3.6 and shows an example of the application of the design method applied to a concrete structure.

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Inventory Data and Case Studies for Environmental Performance Evaluation of Concrete Structure Construction

Cited by 55 publications

References 7 publications

Carbon Storage through Concrete Block Carbonation

Carbon Storage through Concrete Block Carbonation

Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Oportunities for the Concrete Industry

Application of performance‐based environmental design to concrete and concrete structures

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