Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: Clinical Features, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Cases Involving Patients with and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Frankel, Renee E.; Virata, Michael; Hardalo, Catherine; Altice, Frederick L.; Friedland, Gerald

doi:10.1093/clinids/23.3.577

Cited by 95 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…HIV-infected individuals have a 6-to 324-fold-higer risk of invasive pneumococcal infections (34,111,162). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduces this risk but leaves it 35 times higher than that for meningitis patients without HIV infection (34,130,143).…”

Section: Immunocompromised Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Treatment of Acute Bacterial Meningitis

2010

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SUMMARY The epidemiology of bacterial meningitis has changed as a result of the widespread use of conjugate vaccines and preventive antimicrobial treatment of pregnant women. Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial meningitis, accurate information is necessary regarding the important etiological agents and populations at risk to ascertain public health measures and ensure appropriate management. In this review, we describe the changing epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in the United States and throughout the world by reviewing the global changes in etiological agents followed by specific microorganism data on the impact of the development and widespread use of conjugate vaccines. We provide recommendations for empirical antimicrobial and adjunctive treatments for clinical subgroups and review available laboratory methods in making the etiological diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Finally, we summarize risk factors, clinical features, and microbiological diagnostics for the specific bacteria causing this disease.

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Section: Immunocompromised Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Treatment of Acute Bacterial Meningitis

2010

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“…In South Africa, 83% of serotypes incriminated in HIV-seropositive children were included in the nine-valent conjuguated pneumococcal vaccine [27]. Finally, in the USA, FRANKEL et al [28] also found that 90% of the serotypes responsible for invasive pneumococcal disease, particularly serotypes 9, 14, 6b and 22 f, were equally included in the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine.…”

Section: Bacteria Responsible For Lower Respiratory Tract Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyogenic bacterial lower respiratory tract infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Mayaud

Parrot²,

Cadranel³

2002

European Respiratory Journal

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“…[12,13] With the HIV epidemic and the worldwide emergence of drug-resistant pneumococci, the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease has increased. [14] Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has been described to affect almost every organ and thus the clinical manifestations and outcomes of the disease vary tremendously. [15,16] Among risk factors, older age (65 years) and immunocompromised state are notably associated with higher incidence of the invasive disease and increased mortality rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual Cause of Severe Jaundice in an HIV Infected Patient

Woytanowski¹,

Bluen²,

Maning³

et al. 2018

AJMCR

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Lobar pneumonia as a cause of jaundice with non-obstructive conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is an uncommon complication of pneumococcus. More commonly seen in immunocompromised and elderly patients, it is believed that the offending microbe produces a toxin that directly causes hepatocellular injury and impairment of bilirubin excretion. Biopsies of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia-associated jaundice commonly depict patchy areas of hepatic necrosis and dilated biliary canaliculi without metastatic foci of infection. In the pre-antibiotic era, the prevalence of jaundice in patients with lobar pneumonia was reported to be about 14% and carried significant mortality rates. Seen less commonly today, mortality rates of invasive pneumococcal disease remain as high as 5% to 35%. We present a case of a 29 year-old-male with no medical history presented with subjective fevers, productive cough, dark urine and myalgias for three days. He was profoundly jaundiced without stigmata of chronic liver disease. Computerized tomography (CT) of the chest revealed a right lower lobe pneumonia. The patient had leukocytosis, significant elevation of transaminases, hyperbilirubinemia and was found to be influenza positive. Antibody for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was also positive and later confirmed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An extensive workup for his jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia was unrevealing and it was deemed that his clinical signs were a result of invasive pneumococcal infection from his pneumonia. The patient was treated with antimicrobials and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). He ultimately had complete resolution of his jaundice and laboratory abnormalities. Although seen infrequently today, unusual manifestations of pneumococcal infection still occur and may be unrecognized in practice.

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Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: Clinical Features, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Cases Involving Patients with and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Cited by 95 publications

References 63 publications

Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Treatment of Acute Bacterial Meningitis

Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Treatment of Acute Bacterial Meningitis

Pyogenic bacterial lower respiratory tract infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Unusual Cause of Severe Jaundice in an HIV Infected Patient

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