Invasion and Metastasis as a Central Hallmark of Breast Cancer

Abstract

Hanahan and Weinberg introduced the “hallmarks of cancer” and typified essential biological abilities acquired by human cancer. Since then, a growing understanding of hallmark principles associated with breast cancer has assisted knowledge-based therapeutics development; however, despite the rapidly increasing number of targeted therapeutics, enduring disease-free responses for most forms of breast cancer is rare. Invasion and metastasis are the most defining feature of breast cancer malignancy and the leading cause of patient mortality. Hence, we propose a modified hallmarks model adapted to breast cancer, in which invasion and metastasis are shifted to the center of attention, thereby emphasizing it as a potentially superior therapeutic target. Although the scientific community highly appreciates the importance of the invasion and metastasis hallmark, as can be demonstrated by the growing number of publications on breast cancer metastasis, very few clinical trials concentrate on testing anti-metastasis inhibitors and even fewer trials focus on inhibitors for breast cancer metastasis. Here, we discuss the obstacles of applying research on invasion and metastasis therapeutics into the clinic and present current developments that could provide a potential solution to this dilemma.

Notch signaling pathway: a comprehensive prognostic and gene expression profile analysis in breast cancer

“…Using the LncSEA database, the common Cancer-Hallmarks between LncRNA targets of miRNAs, which target mRNAs involved in the Notch signaling pathway, were performed. This analysis indicates that these LncRNAs are related to cancer hallmarks like EMT, metastasis, invasion, migration, apoptosis, and proliferation, previously shown as a critical hallmarks for breast cancer [ 124 ]. In the bioinformatic section, miR-16-5p was predicted as a possible target for Notch signaling pathways.…”

A Review of Herbal Medicine-Based Phytochemical of Garcinia as Molecular Therapy for Breast Cancer

“…They enhance cell surface receptor expression and accumulate activating mutations, resulting in cell surface receptor or downstream signaling pathway activation that is constant. 36 Some Garcinia metabolites, such as "Garcinol, α-mangostin, Cambogin, and Gambogic acid" (GA) have exhibited anticancer action in vitro and in vivo, causing apoptosis and cellular cycle arrest, suppression of angiogenesis, and gene expression regulation in carcinogenic cells. [37][38][39][40][41] The general pathways of phytochemicals of Garcinia mechanism in cancer targeted therapy can be seen in Figures 2-4.…”

Nanomicellar Formulations Loaded with Histamine and Paclitaxel as a New Strategy to Improve Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer

“…Cell migration is a key process during metastatic dissemination of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites in the body, which is the leading cause of mortality in breast cancer patients [ 37 ]. To evaluate the effect of the novel nanoformulations, we performed the wound-healing assay, a classic and well-stablished method used to measure cell migration in vitro [ 38 ].…”