A Review of Herbal Medicine-Based Phytochemical of Garcinia as Molecular Therapy for Breast Cancer

Abstract

Data from globocan statistic in 2020 indicate that breast cancer has become highest incidence rate of cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are known immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers that mediate cell growth and survival signaling. Furthermore, regulator proteins, receptors, and their downstream signaling pathways have emerged as critical components in breast cancer formation and proliferation, and have become well-established therapeutic targets and the core focus of breast cancer therapy research. Garcinia is a big genus in the Clusiaceae family that contains a wide spectrum of biologically active metabolites for the chemical composition of their isolated fruits, stem barks, seeds, leaves, and roots, have resulted including polyisoprenylated benzophenones, polyphenols, bioflavonoids, xanthones, lactones, and triterpenes. This review article aimed to analyze the potential of Garcinia phytochemicals as a molecular therapy of breast cancer. The results showed that phytochemicals of Garcinia (i.e., α-mangostin, Cambogin, Gambogic Acid [GA], Garcinol, Griffipavixanthone, Friedolanostane triterpenoid, Hexane, Neobractatin, 7-Epiclusianone, xanthochymol - guttiferone E, and isoxanthochymol - cycloxanthochymol) have anticancer properties, including apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, and metastasis. This review is important to provide information regarding phytochemicals of Garcinia as an alternative treatment for breast cancer patients. This article selected 28 article researches based on inclusion criteria with the keyword “Garcinia” and “Breast cancer”, in English, and available in full text and abstract searching on PubMed.

Gambogic acid: Multi-gram scale isolation, stereochemical erosion toward epi-gambogic acid and biological profile

“…More recently, using the CCK-8 viability assay, the IC 50 of GBA was calculated at 0.4 μg/ml (or 0.64 µM) against the mouse triple negative breast cancer cell line 4T1 and less than 1.0 μg/ml (or less than 1.59 µM) against the MDA-MB-231 cell line (Dang et al, 2021). Overall, our findings corroborate previous studies on GBA and related CGXs indicating a favorable therapeutic index as evidenced by a selective submicromolar cytotoxicity against all breast cancer subtypes with no apparent detrimental effects in normal human breast epithelial cells (Li et al, 2012;Bai et al, 2015;Chantarasriwong et al, 2019;Triyasa et al, 2022).…”

Anticancer Potential of Natural Chalcones: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence

“…Recently, a review article aimed to analyze the potential of Garcinia phytochemicals as a molecular therapy of breast cancer, evaluated the results of 28 article selected studies. The analysis showed that phytochemicals of Garcinia , including garcinol, have anti-cancer properties, resulting from apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, and metastasis in breast cancer cells [ 75 ]. The mechanisms involved in its anti-cancer effects included the reversal of EMT associated with the upregulation of epithelial marker E-cadherin and downregulation of some mesenchymal markers including vimentin, ZEB1 and ZEB2.…”

Phytochemical profile and diverse pharmacology of Garcinia celebica L

“…Garcinia , taxonomically classified within the Guttiferae or Clusiaceae family, large genus includes 400 species distributed primarily in Africa, tropical Asia and Polynesia. It is a rich sources of medicinal compounds for instance hydroxycitric acid, procyanidines, garcinol, α-mangostin, cambogin, and gambogic acid making this genus a rich repository of useful compounds [ [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] ].…”