“…Pharmacological studies have demonstrated the diverse effects of these flowers, including their antidiabetes, hypolipidemia, antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor, antihepatitis, and hepatoprotective properties [2][3][4][5][6]. We previously demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activities of the flower extracts from I. japonica, such as the attenuation of nitric oxide (NO) production and inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages [7], suppression of eicosanoid generation and degranulation in mast cells [8], and inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus hypersecretion in a murine model of asthma [9]. Chronic or acute inflammation is a multiple process mediated by the activation of inflammatory or immune cells [10].…”