Introduction to Recycling of Polymers and Metal Composites

Ilyas, R.A.; Sapuan, S. M.; Jailani, Abdul Kadir; Yusof, A.; Norizan, Mohd Nurazzi; Norrrahim, Mohd Nor Faiz; Atikah, M.S.N.; Atiqah, A.; Bayraktar, E.

doi:10.1201/9781003148760-1

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…When metal is subjected to high temperatures and pressure, its microstructure becomes more malleable, formable, and easily shaped through a die [ 12 ]. This technique has several advantages over other SSR techniques, including strength improvement, hardness, and ductility [ 13 ]. Multiple studies have reported that HPF significantly improves the mechanical properties of recycled aluminum parts [ 5 , 11 , 14 – 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing strength of directly recycled aluminum chip-based parts through a hybrid RSM-GA-ANN approach in sustainable hot forging

Altharan,

Shamsudin,

Lajis

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Direct recycling of aluminum waste is crucial in sustainable manufacturing to mitigate environmental impact and conserve resources. This work was carried out to study the application of hot press forging (HPF) in recycling AA6061 aluminum chip waste, aiming to optimize operating factors using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic algorithm (GA) strategy to maximize the strength of recycled parts. The experimental runs were designed using Full factorial and RSM via Minitab 21 software. RSM-ANN models were employed to examine the effect of factors and their interactions on response and to predict output, while GA-RSM and GA-ANN were used for optimization. The chips of different morphology were cold compressed into billet form and then hot forged. The effect of varying forging temperature (Tp, 450–550°C), holding time (HT, 60–120 minutes), and chip surface area to volume ratio (AS:V, 15.4–52.6 mm2/mm3) on ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was examined. Maximum UTS (237.4 MPa) was achieved at 550°C, 120 minutes and 15.4 mm2/mm3 of chip’s AS: V. The Tp had the largest contributing effect ratio on the UTS, followed by HT and AS:V according to ANOVA analysis. The proposed optimization process suggested 550°C, 60 minutes, and 15.4 mm2 as the optimal condition yielding the maximum UTS. The developed models’ evaluation results showed that ANN (with MSE = 1.48%) outperformed RSM model. Overall, the study promotes sustainable production by demonstrating the potential of integrating RSM and ML to optimize complex manufacturing processes and improve product quality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing strength of directly recycled aluminum chip-based parts through a hybrid RSM-GA-ANN approach in sustainable hot forging

Altharan,

Shamsudin,

Lajis

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…10 With the shredder, the particle size that will be formed will be in the range of 50-100 mm, whereas the particles to be formed after grinding will be in the range of 10-0.05 mm where finer sizes required. 11 Early application of mechanical recycling of thermoplastic composites was investigated in 1996 where carbon fiber polyetherketoneketone (CF/PEKK) material grinds were used as a reinforcement over a virgin PEEK injection molding. Once the Virgin PEEK was compared with the recycled one, where 41% decrease in tensile strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation of the recycling of carbon fiber polyetherketoneketone thermoplastic composite

Zeyrek,

Aydogan,

Dilekcan

et al. 2023

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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The increasing usage of composite materials due to their lightness and high strength came along with a problem which is the accumulating waste of this material. Recycling is one of the sustainable waste management methods for composites. However, recycling of composite materials is a complicated process due to the complex nature of these materials where reinforcement and matrix are different components with different characteristics. In the evaluation of recycling methods for thermoplastic composites, many factors such as environmental effects and economic efficiency are taken into consideration. In this study, mechanical recycling of carbon fiber polyetherketoneketone (CF/PEKK) thermoplastic composite is carried out to show the feasibility of recycling by comparing the recycled and unprocessed material in terms of mechanical and thermal properties. Waste CF/PEKK materials are shredded and consolidated in a press and samples taken from the final product to carry out mechanical and thermal tests such as tensile, three-point bending test, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results indicate unprocessed thermoplastic composite shows 61% higher tensile strength and 79% fracture strength where recycled material shows a loss of 33% in flexural modulus.

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“…The thermosetting polymers are the materials of choice for long-term utilization in many applications as they are infusible, insoluble, and have high-density. However, the increasing production of thermosetting polymers results in a large amount of waste materials that have caused serious waste problems [3]. Hence, the usage of renewable resources such as plants or animals based fibre-reinforced polymeric composites has received great attention since it has emerged as a potential environmentally friendly and cost-effective measure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adhesive Wear and Frictional Performance of Banana Fibre Reinforced Epoxy (BaFRE) Composite

Nirmal

2022

Polymers

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This current work is an attempt to investigate the tribological performance of banana fibre-reinforced epoxy (BaFRE) composite in dry contact conditions. The test is conducted on a wear test rig of type Block on Ring (BOR) based on ASTM G77, G137-95 standard. Different applied normal loads (5–30 N) subjected to a stainless steel counterface at different sliding speeds (1.7–3.96 m/s) and fixed sliding distance of 6.72 km were set as the experimental parameters. The test was conducted using neat epoxy (NE) as the control tests’ specimen while BaFRE composite was in anti-parallel (AP) and parallel (P) fibre strips orientation (O). The specific wear rate (Ws), friction coefficient, temperature variation and surface roughness (RA) of the NE and BaFRE composite in AP-O and P-O were investigated. The worn surface morphology of the test samples was examined under a high-resolution metallurgy microscope. The outcome of the work revealed that AP-O exhibited excellent wear performance when compared to P-O and NE. Moreover, the lowest friction coefficient of 0.0121 is achieved when AP-O is subjected to 30 N of applied load and 3.96 m/s of sliding velocity. BaFRE composite in AP-O demonstrated the lowest range of temperature variation when it was subjected to 30 N at 3.96 m/s of counterface sliding velocity. Due to the high shear resistance at the rubbing zone incurred by the AP-O test specimen and counterface, the RA values were remarkably high for the test specimen (i.e., 1.122 µm) and the counterface wear track zone (0.166 µm) as compared to the P-O and NE test samples. The predominant wear mechanism for the AP-O test specimen was plastic deformation, detached fibre, micro crack, minor fibre debonding and micro ploughing. In conclusion, there are improvements in terms of wear and friction performance of the composite when banana fibres are used as a reinforced element in epoxy resin. The improvement in Ws and friction coefficient for the AP test specimen was 29.4% and 48.6%, respectively, as compared to NE at 30 N of applied load, 6.72 km of sliding distance and 2.83 m/s of sliding speed.

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Introduction to Recycling of Polymers and Metal Composites

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Optimizing strength of directly recycled aluminum chip-based parts through a hybrid RSM-GA-ANN approach in sustainable hot forging

Optimizing strength of directly recycled aluminum chip-based parts through a hybrid RSM-GA-ANN approach in sustainable hot forging

Experimental investigation of the recycling of carbon fiber polyetherketoneketone thermoplastic composite

Adhesive Wear and Frictional Performance of Banana Fibre Reinforced Epoxy (BaFRE) Composite

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