Introduction to The Evolution of Infectious Agents in Relation to Sex

Imbalanced anti-H1N1 immunoglobulin subclasses and dysregulated cytokines in hospitalized pregnant women with 2009 H1N1 influenza and pneumonia in Shenyang, China

“…IL-10 is a characteristic cytokine that is secreted by activated Th2 cells and IL-10 increase in normal pregnancy is mainly the representation of immune response inhibition during pregnancy. A recent review [16] further demonstrated that the major Th1/Th2 changes are at the local (intervillous), rather than at the mother's systemic circulation. Another study [17] also described that after H1N1 vaccination, pregnant women showed increases of regulatory CD4 + FoxP3 + % and CD4 + IL-10 + % and decreased antibody responses to the H1N1 vaccine.…”

“…The time from hospital admission to the two maternal deaths was 16 and 9 days, respectively. The median length of stay in the hospital for survivors was 12 days (range: 6-55) and 11 days (range: [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] for pregnant and nonpregnant H1N1-infected patients, respectively.…”

“…Commonly used antibiotics included ceftriaxone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, meropenem, azithromycin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and vancomycin. Mean antibiotics administration time were 13 (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21) Laboratory results of pregnant H1N1 and nonpregnant H1N1 cases were notably different, except for the levels of serum CK and serum LDH. Pregnant patients were more likely than nonpregnant patients to have elevated levels of WBC, CRP and percentage of neutrophilic granulocyte as well as reduced levels of ALT and Alb (P < 0.01) ( Table 2).…”

“…During hospitalization, all patients were treated with antiviral drugs and antibiotics. In pregnant and non-pregnant patients, the start time of Oseltamivir antiviral treatment from admission were 2 (1-4) and 1 (1-3) days, respectively; the start time of antibiotics therapy from admission were 2 (1-10) and 1(1-3) days, respectively; the length of hospital day were 12 (6-55) and 11 (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) days, respectively. 100% of the ARDS patients received more than one antibiotic.…”

Evolutionary–developmental perspectives on immune system interactions among the pregnant woman, placenta, and fetus, and responses to sexually transmitted infectious agents

“…The human protozoa may have originated from an intestinal trichomonas that adapted to the genital econiche and sexual transmissibility (fig. 1 of the Introduction to these proceedings 147 ). The STI agent causing granuloma inguinale has very little recorded maternal–child transmission, as is the case with the Haemophilus ducreyi of chancroid 39 .…”