Introduction: the role of agricultural technologies in tropical deforestation.

Angelsen, Arild; Kaimowitz, D.

doi:10.1079/9780851994512.0001

Cited by 140 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In contrast to the Boserupian theory, in any case studies from relatively developed frontiers in the Amazon, intensification has accompanied continued forest conversion (Pichón, 1997a,b;Angelsen & Kaimowitz, 2001;Cattaneo, 2001;Vosti et al, 2001;White et al, 2001;Perz, 2003). This trend is corroborated by the greater deforestation observed near roads (Sader et al, 1994;Chomitz & Gray, 1996;Pfaff, 1999).…”

Section: Proximate Demographic Factors Affecting Small Farmer Land Usmentioning

confidence: 97%

Proximate Population Factors and Deforestation in Tropical Agricultural Frontiers

Carr

2003

Population and Environment

160

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Forest conversion for agriculture expansion is the most salient signature of human occupation of the earth's land surface. Although population growth and deforestation are significantly associated at the global and regional scales, evidence for population links to deforestation at micro-scales-where people are actually clearing0020forests-is scant. Much of the planet's forest elimination is proceeding along tropical agricultural frontiers. This article examines the evolution of thought on population-environment theories relevant to deforestation in tropical agricultural frontiers. Four primary ways by which population dynamics interact with frontier forest conversion are examined: population density, fertility, and household demographic composition, and in-migration.

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Section: Proximate Demographic Factors Affecting Small Farmer Land Usmentioning

confidence: 97%

Proximate Population Factors and Deforestation in Tropical Agricultural Frontiers

Carr

2003

Population and Environment

160

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“…These data have been temperature corrected to 15°C and include a large diversity of tissue types (Materials and Methods and SI Appendix, Table S2). As we also predict, in entire ecosystems, carbon residence times increase with (B) increasing body size of the primary producers (slope is 0.21 ± 0.02 95% CI; expected slope is <0.25 depending on the network, see prediction 3 in main text), data replotted from Allen et al (10), and (C) the ratio of total biomass to primary production (slope is 0. forests with agricultural fields and grasslands (39)(40)(41)(42), and a warmer climate, which increases metabolic rates, should decrease the residence time of carbon in local ecosystems and in the biosphere as a whole. More generally, our theory is a synthesis of systems and metabolic approaches that shows explicitly and quantitatively how organisms control the carbon cycle at all scales from individuals to ecosystems to the biosphere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic theory predicts whole-ecosystem properties

Schramski

Dell

Grady

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

135

129

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Understanding the effects of individual organisms on material cycles and energy fluxes within ecosystems is central to predicting the impacts of human-caused changes on climate, land use, and biodiversity. Here we present a theory that integrates metabolic (organism-based bottom-up) and systems (ecosystem-based topdown) approaches to characterize how the metabolism of individuals affects the flows and stores of materials and energy in ecosystems. The theory predicts how the average residence time of carbon molecules, total system throughflow (TST), and amount of recycling vary with the body size and temperature of the organisms and with trophic organization. We evaluate the theory by comparing theoretical predictions with outputs of numerical models designed to simulate diverse ecosystem types and with empirical data for real ecosystems. Although residence times within different ecosystems vary by orders of magnitude-from weeks in warm pelagic oceans with minute phytoplankton producers to centuries in cold forests with large tree producers-as predicted, all ecosystems fall along a single line: residence time increases linearly with slope = 1.0 with the ratio of whole-ecosystem biomass to primary productivity (B/P). TST was affected predominantly by primary productivity and recycling by the transfer of energy from microbial decomposers to animal consumers. The theory provides a robust basis for estimating the flux and storage of energy, carbon, and other materials in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems and for quantifying the roles of different kinds of organisms and environments at scales from local ecosystems to the biosphere. metabolic theory | systems ecology | total system throughflow | residence time | cycling I n most ecosystems, energy and materials flow through trophic networks comprised of plant primary producers, animal consumers, and microbial decomposers (Fig. 1). The individual organisms that make up these networks control the storage and flux of energy, carbon, and other materials. Consequently, a theoretical framework that can account for how different kinds of organisms and ecosystems affect fluxes and stores of energy and materials in ecosystems is central to understanding the carbon cycle of the biosphere and to predicting the impacts of humancaused changes in climate, land use, and biodiversity (1-3). Although it has long been recognized that different kinds of organisms play important roles in the processing of energy and materials in ecosystems, existing treatments are incomplete. Most studies have focused on particular trophic levels, such as primary producers or herbivores, specific ecosystem types, such as tropical forest or pelagic marine, or single species, such as top predators or ecosystem engineers (4-14). Still missing is a simple mechanistic theory that can make precise, quantitative predictions based on the mechanistic relationships between traits of the organisms in the different trophic levels and whole-ecosystem properties, such as carbon flux or recycling.Two main t...

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“…2001). Hasil "win-win" (seimbang) tampaknya lebih mudah diperoleh pada sistem pertanian padat karya daripada sistem padat modal (Angelsen dan Kaimowitz 2001). Pada sistem yang padat modal, stimulus apapun terhadap ekonomi lokal akan membantu mengendurkan kendala-kendala modal yang saat ini memperlambat perluasan pertanian yang sebenarnya menguntungkan.…”

Section: Kebijakan Pertanian Untuk Mengurangi Deforestasi Mengurangi unclassified

“…Jika hasil pertanian utama dijual di pasar internasional, peningkatan pasokan tidak banyak efeknya terhadap harga yang diterima para petani untuk produk mereka. Jika kebijakan yang diambil menyelamatkan tenaga kerja atau mendorong perubahan teknologi, efek penarikan tenaga kerja mungkin lemah atau bahkan negatif (Angelsen dan Kaimowitz 2001). Selain itu, keuntungan yang lebih tinggi dari pertanian intensif dapat diinvestasikan untuk membabat lebih banyak hutan untuk tanaman pangan ekstensif dan produksi ternak.…”

Section: Mendukung Pertanian Intensif Dan Perubahan Teknologisunclassified

“…Sebagian besar petani memiliki kendala tenaga kerja atau modal dan dapat diharapkan untuk mengadopsi teknologi yang menghemat tenaga kerja atau modal. Namun pada umumnya kita mungkin tidak dapat memperoleh perubahan teknologi semacam itu yang akan menyelamatkan hutan (Angelsen dan Kaimowitz 2001). Misalnya, secara teknis penggunaan padang rumput di seluruh Amerika Latin mungkin dapat dibuat lebih intensif, tetapi para petani biasanya tidak melakukan hal ini sampai hutan yang dapat dibabat tidak ada lagi (Kaimowitz dan Angelsen 2008).…”

Section: Mengabaikan Pertanian Ekstensif?unclassified

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