Introduction

Pereira, Ricardo

doi:10.1163/9789004195882_002

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…This has already been demonstrated by the enthusiastic response and numerous contributions to specific sessions at international meetings and publications dedicated to this topic (e.g. Pereira et al 2015a, b). Success of the GHSR and GHSP designations should also help to encourage proper management of natural stone resources, including future protection of important dimension stone resources from sterilization by other forms of development (Cooper et al 2013;Pereira and González-Neila in press).…”

Section: The Global Heritage Stone Resource and Global Heritage Stonementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Buildings in central Salamanca were constructed using Villamayor sandstone (García Talegón et Pereira and Cooper 2014) for most of the structures. However, granite was used in the lower parts of the buildings after it was realized that the sandstones were not resistent to water absorption and became weak under critical conditions (Pereira et al 2015a). Humidity and contamination have had negative influences on the sandstones, leaving some buildings in a very poor state.…”

Section: British Museum London Ukmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Group has promoted numerous papers describing selected natural stones from many parts of the world that might become candidate stones for formal designation (e.g. Pereira and Cooper 2013;García-Talegón et al 2015;Pereira et al 2015a) in the coming years. But it remains to be seen how many will be formally proposed and whether the designation will be fully recognized by international and national bodies.…”

Section: The Global Heritage Stone Resource and Global Heritage Stonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…More widely, anthropogenic deterioration, whether conscious or unconscious, or caused by climate and weather (http://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/), can be addressed by good practices for repair and maintenance (Pereira et al 2015a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heritage Stone 1. Repair and Maintenance of Natural Stone in Historical Structures: The Potential Role of the IUGS Global Heritage Stone Initiative

Pereira

Marker

2016

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Natural stone has been used for millennia in many historically and culturally important structures. It inevitably undergoes weathering from natural processes and damage from human activities. Deterioration affects both ornamental features and main structural members of constructions, ultimately requiring repair and maintenance, or causing loss of the structure altogether. Stone similar to the original should generally be used for repairs, but if that is impossible a closely similar material is required. Use of inappropriate stone or treatment with incompatible mortars can be aesthetically unsightly or have structurally and financially damaging consequences. Such use typically arises because of a lack of information and awareness among commissioners and specifiers of works, along with budget constraints leading to selection of cheaper alternatives. Even some World Heritage Sites have suffered. Selected examples from Western Europe illustrate these problems. The Global Heritage Stone initiative has been launched to improve recognition of the internationally most important heritage stones, promote their proper use in construction, maintenance and repair, and to stress the need to safeguard important stone resources for future use.RÉSUMÉLa pierre naturelle a été utilisée depuis des millénaires dans de nombreuses structures importantes historiquement et culturellement. Inévitablement cette pierre s’altère sous l’effet de processus naturels et de dommages causés par les activités humaines. Cette détérioration affecte aussi bien les éléments ornementaux que les principaux éléments structuraux des constructions, ce qui, éventuellement nécessite réparation et entretien, ou alors peut entraîner la perte de la structure. Une pierre semblable à l'originale doit généralement être utilisée pour des réparations, ou alors un matériau très similaire est requis. L’utilisation d’une pierre inappropriée ou un traitement avec des mortiers incompatibles peut être esthétiquement disgracieux ou avoir des conséquences structurellement et financièrement préjudiciables. Cette utilisation erronée est typiquement le résultat d’un manque d'information et de sensibilisation des commissaires et des rédacteurs du cahier des charges, ainsi que de contraintes budgétaires conduisant au choix d’options moins coûteuses. Et même, certains sites du patrimoine mondial en ont souffert. Des exemples choisis de l'Europe de l’ouest illustrent ces problèmes. L'initiative du patrimoine mondial de la pierre de taille lancée pour améliorer la conscience à l'échelle internationale des principales pierres du patrimoine, promouvoir leur utilisation correcte dans la construction, leur entretien et leur réparation, et souligner la nécessité de préserver les ressources importantes en pierre pour les besoins à venir. Traduit par le Traducteur

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Section: The Global Heritage Stone Resource and Global Heritage Stonementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: British Museum London Ukmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Global Heritage Stone Resource and Global Heritage Stonementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heritage Stone 1. Repair and Maintenance of Natural Stone in Historical Structures: The Potential Role of the IUGS Global Heritage Stone Initiative

Pereira

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2016

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The Principle of Direct Effect in Criminal Law: Theory and Practice

2020

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Summary The meaning of the general principles of EU law has been broadly developed by the Court of Justice of the European Union; however, for many years it had only limited competence in deciding criminal cases. The principle of direct effect is important for ensuring the efficient functioning of EU law. The aim of this research is to find out if and how this principle affects criminal justice. To reach this objective, the researchers examine how the substance and content of the principle, through the doctrine and the judgments of Court of Justice of the European Union, can influence national criminal law and criminal procedure. Afterwards, the actual impact of EU law on national criminal law is evaluated, taking Lithuania as an example. The analysis reveals that direct application of directives in material criminal law is highly unlikely, while in criminal procedural, law such a possibility is real if EU norms are clear, unconditional, and precise.

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Introduction

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Heritage Stone 1. Repair and Maintenance of Natural Stone in Historical Structures: The Potential Role of the IUGS Global Heritage Stone Initiative

Heritage Stone 1. Repair and Maintenance of Natural Stone in Historical Structures: The Potential Role of the IUGS Global Heritage Stone Initiative

The Principle of Direct Effect in Criminal Law: Theory and Practice

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