“…For example, inorganic NPs like AuNPs, iron oxide NPs (IONPs), zinc oxide NPs (ZONPs), mesoporous silica NPs (MSNs), and graphene QDs (GQDs) can be photo-responsive, conductive, superparamagnetic, pH-responsive, catalytic, and photoluminescent. Similarly, organic NMs properties to be considered in the construction of hybrid systems are the response to stimuli such as pH, temperature and redox, biocompatibility, transmembrane delivery ability, cell stability, high loading function, solubility, nontoxicity, and stimuli/targeting ligands ( Lee et al, 2021 ; Seaberg et al, 2021 ). Some examples of organic nanomaterials that have been used in hybrid systems are dendrimers (poly-amidoamine [PAMAM]), polymers (poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid [PLGA], chitosan, poly-L-lysine [PLL]), liposomes, micelles, and cells membranes from white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), cancer cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ( Figure 3 ).…”