Introduction

Wills, B.A.; Finch, J.A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097053-0.00001-7

Cited by 172 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Mechanical processing involves the use of different techniques to liberate, classify, and concentrate materials without altering their chemistry. These techniques operate based on relative differences in the physical properties of materials, for instance density, shape, and size, and they generally occur before stages involving chemical reactions [61][62][63][64]. After mechanical processing, the material obtained is refined by hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, or a mixture of both.…”

Section: Description Of Lib Recycling Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.

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Section: Description Of Lib Recycling Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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“…This unfortunately makes the concept unclear when dealing with induction, as a magnetic field inside the sample is induced by an external magnetic field. Without going too deep into the mathematics, we can say that H⃗ is the magnetic field strength that is induced in the sample, and B⃗ is the resulting magnetic field experienced by the sample that is caused by the permeability (μ) . For many applications, it is suitable to assume that μ r is equal to 1 and that the magnetic field is therefore proportional to the permeability in vacuum.…”

Section: Electric and Magnetic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inductive Heating for Research in Electrocatalysis: Theory, Practical Considerations, and Examples

et al. 2022

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Inductive heating in neutral or slightly reducing gaseous atmosphere has become one of the most effective methods to thermally pretreat oxygen-sensitive monocrystalline electrodes for interfacial electrochemistry and electrocatalytic research. In this contribution, we discuss the principles and theory of inductive heating, and we explain how an alternating current passing through a coil induces a resistive current inside a conductive sample. The thermodynamics and heat transport phenomena of how the thermal energy propagates and heats the sample are then discussed. Practical considerations with examples are given about how to best utilize this technique and avoid sample damage by controlling the gaseous atmosphere surrounding the sample being treated. Finally, a Ni(111) electrode is used to demonstrate the applicability of the method to interfacial electrochemistry and electrocatalysis research. The post-thermal treatment demonstrates the effect of the presence of small amounts of oxygen in the gaseous atmosphere on cyclic voltammetry profiles acquired in aqueous alkaline media.

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“…Flotation is a multiplex Physico-chemical separation process that interacting between three phases of liquid, gas, and solid [31]. This method is a selective process and the effectiveness of it depends on particle-bubble interactions, including particle-bubble collision, selective attachment, and particle-bubble stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using this method, hydrophilic and hydrophobic minerals can be separated by the assist of specific chemical reagents that enhance surface properties differences, and generate value to the produced concentrate[36] [37]. In the Flotation process, there are many factors which can affect the process, including froth level, airflow rate, rotation speed, residence time, pH of the pulp, dilution, feed rate, chemical reagent dosage, size, and design of the cell[31] [32][33] [38].…”

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confidence: 99%