Intrinsically stretchable electronics with ultrahigh deformability to monitor dynamically moving organs

Wang, Shaolei; Nie, Yuanyuan; Zhu, Hangyu; Xu, Yurui; Cao, Shitai; Zhang, Jiaxue; Li, Yanyan; Wang, Jianhui; Ning, Xinghai; Kong, Desheng

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl5511

Cited by 116 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Flexible pressure sensor arrays can also be used in implantable electronics [ 118 ]. For example, Wang et al fabricated a pressure sensor array to monitor dynamically moving organs [ 119 ]. In order to solve the problem of direct contact mapping of dynamic and fast-moving organs, a flexible pressure sensor array was attached to the surface of the right ventricle of a rabbit ( Figure 9 c).…”

Section: Application Of Flexible Pressure Sensor Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Flexible Pressure Sensor Arrays

Duan

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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Flexible pressure sensors that can maintain their pressure sensing ability with arbitrary deformation play an essential role in a wide range of applications, such as aerospace, prosthetics, robotics, healthcare, human–machine interfaces, and electronic skin. Flexible pressure sensors with diverse conversion principles and structural designs have been extensively studied. At present, with the development of 5G and the Internet of Things, there is a huge demand for flexible pressure sensor arrays with high resolution and sensitivity. Herein, we present a brief description of the present flexible pressure sensor arrays with different transduction mechanisms from design to fabrication. Next, we discuss the latest progress of flexible pressure sensor arrays for applications in human–machine interfaces, healthcare, and aerospace. These arrays can monitor the spatial pressure and map the trajectory with high resolution and rapid response beyond human perception. Finally, the outlook of the future and the existing problems of pressure sensor arrays are presented.

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Section: Application Of Flexible Pressure Sensor Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Flexible Pressure Sensor Arrays

Duan

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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“…In general, stretchable conductors are fabricated through the deposition of soft conductive materials ( e.g., thin metal films, liquid metals (LMs), and conductive polymers) or the incorporation of conductive nanomaterials ( e.g. , metal nanoparticles and nanoflakes, graphene, and carbon nanotubes), in conjunction with various patterning methods. − As a commercially available conductive polymer, PEDOT:PSS (Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)) is widely used in flexible electronics, but it is intrinsically rigid (elastic modulus > 500 MPa) and exhibits relatively low electrical conductivity (∼100 S·m –1 ). , Therefore, doping and post-treatment are often needed to improve its stretchability and conductivity. , In this connection, LMs have been of immense interest for the design and fabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics as they show intrinsic stretchability and metallic electrical conductivity ( e.g., σ(Galinstan) ≈ 3.46 × 10 6 S·m –1 ). − Numerous novel and high-performance flexible electronic systems have been established by the use of LMs, such as permeable monolithic stretchable electronics for healthcare monitoring, electronic textiles for multimodal deformation probing, recyclable wearable electronics for motion tracking, transient electronics, self-healing soft robots, and flexible wireless powering devices. , Owing to the intrinsic fluidity of LMs, the stretchability of such conductors mostly depends on the mechanical properties of the flexible substrates and the processing technologies. Unfortunately, the choices of flexible substrates and processing strategies are limited because of the high surface tension of pristine LMs ( i.e., γ(Galinstan) ≈ 600 mN/m), , albeit reduced due to surface oxidation, and the poor wetting of LMs on substrates due to the solidlike behavior of the oxide skin .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conformally Adhesive, Large-Area, Solidlike, yet Transient Liquid Metal Thin Films and Patterns via Gelatin-Regulated Droplet Deposition and Sintering

Gan

Xiao

Handschuh‐Wang

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Adhesion and spreading of liquid metals (LMs) on substrates are essential steps for the generation of flexible electronics and thermal management devices. However, the controlled deposition is limited by the high surface tension and peculiar wetting and adhesion behavior of LMs. Herein, we introduce gelatin-regulated LM droplet deposition and sintering (GLMDDS), for the upscalable production of conformally adhesive, solidlike, yet transient LM thin films and patterns on diverse substrates. This method involves four steps: homogeneous deposition of LM microdroplets, gelation of the LM-gelatin solution, toughening of the gelatin hydrogel by solvent displacement, and peeling-induced sintering of LM microdroplets. The LM thin film exhibits a three-layer structure, comprising an LM microdroplet-embedded tough organohydrogel adhesion layer, a continuous LM layer, and an oxide skin. The composite exhibits high stretchability and mechanical robustness, conformal adhesion to various substrates, high conductivity (4.35 × 105 S·m–1), and transience (86% LM recycled). Large-scale deposition (i.e., 5.6 dm2) and the potential for patterns on diverse substrates demonstrate its upscalability and broad suitability. Finally, the LM thin films and patterns are applied for flexible and wearable devices, i.e., pressure sensors, heaters, human motion tracking devices, and thermal management devices, illustrating the broad applicability of this strategy.

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“…These limitations significantly hinder their practical applications in wearable electronics which require a large deformation range with versatile functionalities. Liquid metal's distinctive attributes including high electrical conductivity 24 (eutectic gallium-indium, EGaIn, 3.4×10 6 S m -1 ), fluidity at room temperature, and biocompatibility 25,26,27 make it suitable for fabricating a strain sensor. Given that hydrogels and liquid metal are compatible and complementary, integrating liquid metal into hybrid structures of hydrogel can potentially overcome these limitions 28 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid metal-embedded hydrogel sensors for unsupervised learning enabled sign-to-verbal translation

Ma²,

Qin

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Highly stretchable and robust strain sensors are rapidly emerging as promising candidates for a diverse array of wearable electronics and sensing devices. Conductive hydrogels represent a unique class of materials for bioelectronic applications due to their electrical and mechanical adaptability to human body. A common material engineering strategy is thus combining rigid electronic and/or ionic conductors with hydrogels to form conductive and stretchable composites. However, there exist trade-offs between high conductivity and excellent mechanical properties. To address this limitation, we designed a highly conductive yet highly stretchable hybrid hydrogel by simply encapsulating the liquid metal into polyacrylamide-alginate double networks. The resultant hydrogel simultaneously exhibits high conductivity (up to 22 S m-1), low elastic modulus (23 kPa), and ultrahigh stretchability (1500%) with excellent robustness (consistent performance against 12, 000 mechanical cycling), overcoming the traditional trade-off between electrical and mechanical properties. To demonstrate the potential impact of our technology on wearable electronics, a motion monitoring system with Self-Organizing Map was developed to achieve hand gesture monitoring and sign-to-speech translation. The use of our liquid metal-embedded hydrogels could be integral to the development of wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces.

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Intrinsically stretchable electronics with ultrahigh deformability to monitor dynamically moving organs

Cited by 116 publications

References 62 publications

Recent Progress in Flexible Pressure Sensor Arrays

Recent Progress in Flexible Pressure Sensor Arrays

Conformally Adhesive, Large-Area, Solidlike, yet Transient Liquid Metal Thin Films and Patterns via Gelatin-Regulated Droplet Deposition and Sintering

Liquid metal-embedded hydrogel sensors for unsupervised learning enabled sign-to-verbal translation

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