Intrinsically Magnetic Cells: A Review on Their Natural Occurrence and Synthetic Generation

Pekarsky, Alexander; Spadiut, Oliver

doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.573183

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 223 publications

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“…Their application potential can be further enhanced by genetic or chemical coupling of functional moieties to the magnetosome membrane ( 3 ). Furthermore, it has been suggested to build magnetic nanostructures within eukaryotic cells for local heat generation or as reporters for magnetic imaging by borrowing genetic parts from bacterial magnetosome biosynthesis in the field of “magnetogenetics” ( 4 , 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Complex Transcriptional Landscape of Magnetosome Gene Clusters in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense

et al. 2021

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Complex Transcriptional Landscape of Magnetosome Gene Clusters in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense

et al. 2021

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“…The organelles in the magnetotactic bacteria, produce and accumulate in situ natural intrinsic MNPs, called magnetosomes, and the process is known as magnetogenetics. [ 169 ] The MNPs have been of great importance in nanomedicine. They have gained extensive attention since the successful use of magnetically labeled antibodies for the isolation of cells, therapeutic delivery, and imaging in both in vitro and in vivo.…”

Section: Synthesis and Engineering Of Mnm For Ev‐based Biological App...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomedical Applications Using Multifunctional Magnetic Nanomaterials

Yang

Patel

Rathnam

et al. 2022

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muscle cells, and stem cells. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Although initially considered as membrane debris with no biological significance, the crucial roles of EVs in immune surveillance, viral infection, blood coagulation, tissue repair, and stem cell maintenance, have been sequentially identified since 1996. [6,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Additionally, biomolecular compositions inside EVs have also been closely associated with the pathology of various kinds of diseases such as cancers, musculoskeletal diseases, as well as degenerative neurological disorders. [20][21][22] As a result of the fundamental role of EVs in mediating cell-to-cell communications and regulating various tissue functions, there has been a critical need to develop novel therapeutics and diagnostics (or theranostics) using EVs and their associated biomolecules. [23] For example, cellfree therapy using EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been exploited and is currently under clinical trials to enhance tissue regeneration after cardiac infarction. [6,7,17,18] Similarly, EVs capable of crossing the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) have been utilized for intranasal delivery of therapeutics for treating central nervous system (CNS) injuries. [24][25][26][27] Moreover, minimally invasive, highly sensitive/accurate diagnosis of cancer metastasis, viral infection, Prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), has also been realized by analyzing the biomolecular formulation of EVs extracted from human body fluids. [28,29] Although the potential of using EVs for theranostic applications is enormous, their current clinical translation is still impeded by several critical barriers, which can be attributed mainly to the high heterogeneity of EVs. In general, there are four levels of heterogeneity of EVs, including size, composition, function, and source heterogeneities. [2,30] Specifically, most clinical applications often require a well-defined source of therapeutics. Sizes, compositions, functions, and sources have all been closely associated with the outcome of clinical treatment and diagnostic diseases. [30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Having the ability to isolate a specific population of EVs with well-defined sizes, biomolecular contents, disease-specific biological functions, and biodistributions would be crucial for the clinical application of EVs. Failing to achieve this can lead to compromised therapeutic effects and sometimes even adverse outcomes. For example, the multifaceted roles of EVs have been identified for regulating Extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes) carrying various biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) have rapidly emerged as promising platforms for many biomedical applications. Despite their enormous potential, their heterogeneity in surfaces and sizes, the high complexity of cargo biomolecules, and the inefficient uptake by recipient cells remain critical barriers for their theranostic applications. To address these critical issues, multifunctional nanomaterials, such as magn...

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“…calculated. (6) Further, the dMagR mass per cell was evaluated (1 g DCW = 1.05•× 10 12 E. coli cells (1 cell = 9.5•× 10 −13 g from BNID 103904 [13])).…”

Section: Magnetization Measurements Of Whole Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, we analyzed magnetic bead capture using recombinant MagR from the pigeon Columbia livia (clMagR) and MagR from Drosophila melanogaster (dMagR) [5][6][7]. Secondly, we tested if highly expressed MagR (>15% total intracellular soluble protein) would yield a magnetic moment in Escherichia coli cells at different temperatures to investigate if MagR expression would be sufficient to magnetize cells in vivo for diverse applications [13]. Our results close the existing knowledge gap between theoretical considerations [10][11][12] and empirical data [6][7][8][9] on the magnetic characteristics and the usability of MagR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the Potential Functionality of the MagR Protein

2021

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Recent findings have sparked great interest in the putative magnetic receptor protein MagR. However, in vivo experiments have revealed no magnetic moment of MagR at room temperature. Nevertheless, the interaction of MagR and MagR fusion proteins with silica-coated magnetite beads have proven useful for protein purification. In this study, we recombinantly produced two different MagR proteins in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) to (1) expand earlier protein purification studies, (2) test if MagR can magnetize whole E. coli cells once it is expressed to a high cytosolic, soluble titer, and (3) investigate the MagR-expressing E. coli cells’ magnetic properties at low temperatures. Our results show that MagR induces no measurable, permanent magnetic moment in cells at low temperatures, indicating no usability for cell magnetization. Furthermore, we show the limited usability for magnetic bead-based protein purification, thus closing the current knowledge gap between theoretical considerations and empirical data on the MagR protein.

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Intrinsically Magnetic Cells: A Review on Their Natural Occurrence and Synthetic Generation

Cited by 12 publications

References 223 publications

The Complex Transcriptional Landscape of Magnetosome Gene Clusters in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense

The Complex Transcriptional Landscape of Magnetosome Gene Clusters in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense

Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomedical Applications Using Multifunctional Magnetic Nanomaterials

Revisiting the Potential Functionality of the MagR Protein

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