Intrinsically flame retardant epoxy resin – Fire performance and background – Part I

Toldy, Andrea; Anna, P.; Csontos, István; Szabó, András; Marosi, György

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.04.017

Cited by 97 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…(Hungary). A phosphorus-containing amine-type curing agent (TEDAP) was applied as flame retardant [19,20]. As reinforcement twill woven hemp fabrics (surface mass: 580 g/m 2 ), received from the Institute of Natural Fibres and…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The P-content of the flame retarded matrix was chosen to be 2.5 mass%, to reach V-0 rating in UL-94 tests, according to previous studies of the authors [19,28] …”

Section: Flame Retardancy Of the Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…. This problem can be solved or moderated by using flame retarded biofibres combined with matrix containing flame retardant additive, by which way the polymer concentration of the matrix and thus its strength can maintained [16,17,18].In this work the idea of flame retarded reinforcement was adapted to epoxy resin composites, by combining it with P-containing crosslinking agent as reactive flame retardant in the matrix.Hemp fabrics were selected for forming flame retarded reinforcement and a P-containing amine [19,20] was applied as curing agent in the FR matrix composites. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemp fabrics were selected for forming flame retarded reinforcement and a P-containing amine [19,20] was applied as curing agent in the FR matrix composites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Szolnoki

Bocz

Sóti

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Natural hemp fabric reinforced epoxy resin composites were prepared in flame retarded form.Fabrics were treated in three ways: the first method involved the immersion of preheated fabric into cold phosphoric acid solution (allowing penetration into the capillaries of the fibres) and subsequent neutralization, the second way was a reactive modification carried out with an aminosilane-type coupling agent, while the third treatment combined the sol-gel surface coating with the first method. The introduction of P-content into the reinforcing fibres resulted in decreased flammability of not only the hemp fabrics, but also of the flame retardancy of epoxy composites, comprising it changed advantageously. By applying aminetype phosphorus-containing curing agent (TEDAP) in combination with the treated fabrics, V-0 UL-94 rating was achieved. Composites of unexpectedly improved static and dynamic mechanical properties could be prepared only when the simple phosphorous fibre treatment and reactive flame retardancy was combined. . This problem can be solved or moderated by using flame retarded biofibres combined with matrix containing flame retardant additive, by which way the polymer concentration of the matrix and thus its strength can maintained [16,17,18].In this work the idea of flame retarded reinforcement was adapted to epoxy resin composites, by combining it with P-containing crosslinking agent as reactive flame retardant in the matrix.Hemp fabrics were selected for forming flame retarded reinforcement and a P-containing amine [19,20] was applied as curing agent in the FR matrix composites. Materials and methods MaterialsThe epoxy Fabric treatmentTwill woven hemp fabrics (HF) were washed with water to remove dust and impurities and then dried in oven at 70 °C for 12 h. The fibres were treated in three ways in order to render them flame retardant. In the first case, the so-called thermotex procedure [21] was applied.The high-temperature treatment of the fabrics allows better absorption of the treating solution to the capillaries of the fabric. For this purpose, the fabrics were preheated at 120 °C for 2 h, and then immersed in cold 17 mass% phosphoric acid solution for 5 min. The ratio of fabric to phosphoric acid solution was 1 g to 10 ml. As the acid may induce long-term degradation in cellulose fibre structure, it was neutralized by immersing the fabrics in 5% ammonium hydroxide solution. The excess of the treating and neutralizing solutions were removed by pressing the fabrics by a foulard. After treatment, the fabrics were dried in air. The amount of the absorbed phosphorus was determined by the mass increase of the treated fibres and by elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (see section 2.3.3). The mass increase of the THF fibres was 8 mass%, which means the absorption of 1.7 mass% of P (1.65 mass% by elemental analysis).In the other case, sol-gel treatment of the fabrics was carried out using Geniosil GF-9 aminetype silane. The fabrics were immersed in 10 mass% toluene solution...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The P-content of the flame retarded matrix was chosen to be 2.5 mass%, to reach V-0 rating in UL-94 tests, according to previous studies of the authors [19,28] …”

Section: Flame Retardancy Of the Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemp fabrics were selected for forming flame retarded reinforcement and a P-containing amine [19,20] was applied as curing agent in the FR matrix composites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Szolnoki

Bocz

Sóti

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…A phosphorus-containing reactive amine, TEDAP (N, N , Ntris(2-aminoethyl)-phosphoric acid triamide, properties: amine number: 510-530 mg KOH/g; viscosity at 20°C: 400 mPa) synthesized according to previous publication of the authors [23] was applied as flame retardant curing agent.…”

Section: Materials and Testing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

Szolnoki

Toldy

Konrád

et al. 2013

Per. Pol. Chem. Eng.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of phosphorus-based additive and reactive flame retardants (FR) on the flammability and mechanical properties of a pentaerythritol-based model epoxy resin system cured with a cycloaliphatic diamine hardener. Commercially available ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was used as additive and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenantrene-10-oxide IntroductionEpoxy resins are extensively used in various industrial application fields as, for example, adhesives, surface coatings, laminates and matrix materials. Despite their exceptional characteristics like prominent adhesion to many substrates; moisture, solvent and chemical resistance; low shrinkage on cure; outstanding mechanical and electronic resistant properties, their flammability can still limit their application. The heat exchange during polymerization is also influences the potential fields of application [1]. The use of structural units made of composites of high mechanical loading capability, being suitable for replacing metallic structures, is rapidly increasing in the aircraft industry [2]. In the newest large commercial airliners the fuselage, the wings and the empennage are also made of carbon fibre reinforced composites. In case of fire, the health risk is not the only danger; also the decrease of mechanical properties can be significant [3]- [5]. Due to environmental reasons, the use of halogencontaining flame retardants needs to be decreased. Their most promising substitutes are the phosphorus-containing flame retardants owing to their extremely wide and versatile range, since the P element exists in various oxidation states [6]- [9]. The fire retarded epoxy resins with conventional additives are usually of poorer physical/mechanical properties than the unmodified ones; therefore the use of reactive comonomers is preferred in many cases. A great advantage of the reactive flame retardants is that they are chemically bound to the matrix, so their release to the environment is blocked, thus we can avoid the formation of FR-containing wastewaters [10]. However, incorporating them into the polymer structure several properties of the material generally decrease. The greatest challenge for the current research works is to create a composite system with optimal balance of mechanical performance and flame retardancy.Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), an additive-type flame retardant, with high phosphorus (31-32 wt%) and nitrogen (14-15 wt%) content, is extensively used in thermoplastic polymers, such as polypropylene [11, 12], ethylene-vinyl-acetate [13], polyurea [14], polylactide [15], etc. The literature deals with the application of APP in aromatic epoxy resins, mainly in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), however

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Phosphorus‐Containing Polymers and Oligomers

Weil

2010

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Phosphorus polymers and oligomers are surveyed with emphasis on methods of synthesis and utility. Red phosphorus is a useful flame‐retardant insoluble polymer. Polyphosphoric acid has catalytic utility, and its salts find use in chelation and flame retardancy. Phosphorus‐nitrogen polymers and oligomers may be involved in the synergistic flame‐retardant action of combinations of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, such as on cellulose. Lower oxidation state organic phosphorus polymers and oligomers such as phosphines and phosphites have stabilizer and catalyst utility. Higher oxidation state phosphorus polymers and oligomers such as phosphates and phosphonates, made mainly by condensation reactions, have flame‐retardant utility in plastics as additives and reactive modifiers and also in as textile additives and finishes.

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Intrinsically flame retardant epoxy resin – Fire performance and background – Part I

Cited by 97 publications

References 9 publications

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

Phosphorus‐Containing Polymers and Oligomers

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