Intrinsic light responses of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the circadian system

Warren, Erin; Allen, Charles N.; Brown, R. Lane; Robinson, D.

doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02594.x

Cited by 114 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This is consistent with the report that ipRGCs display primarily excitatory glutamatergic, primarily inhibitory GABAergic, or both types of synaptic events (Perez-Leon et al, 2006). Transient ON-OFF responses to light are typical of ipRGCs [rodents (Berson et al, 2002;Warren et al, 2003;Perez-Leon et al, 2006); primates (Dacey et al, 2005)] and in the SCN [rat (Aggelopoulos and Meissl, 2000;Pu, 2000); mouse (Mure et al, 2007)]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The ON-OFF responses are derived from the well known anatomical and physiological stratification of the inner plexiform layer (Wassle, 2004). ipRGCs can be monostratified with synaptic arbors in either the ON or the OFF sublamina or bistratified with arborizations in both sublamina (Pu, 1999;Provencio et al, 2002;Belenky et al, 2003;Warren et al, 2003). This is consistent with the report that ipRGCs display primarily excitatory glutamatergic, primarily inhibitory GABAergic, or both types of synaptic events (Perez-Leon et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Although ipRGCs, like rods and cones, have been shown to adapt to light, they appear more highly resistant to light bleaching (Wong et al, 2005). Recordings in intact retina indicate that after high light exposures, ipRGCs continue to respond to light whereas nonmelanopsin-expressing cells fail to respond, presumably resulting from extensively bleaching of rods and cones (Berson et al, 2002;Warren et al, 2003). This desensitizing effect is analogous to the use of synaptic blockers to prevent rod and cone synaptic input to ipRGCs used during in vitro retinal studies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Entrainment of circadian rhythms and other nonvisual responses to light involve photoreceptors located in both the inner and outer layers of the retina (Hattar et al, 2003;Panda et al, 2003). The main projection to the SCN arises from a subpopulation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) (Berson et al, 2002;Warren et al, 2003;Dacey et al, 2005) that also receive synaptic inputs from rods and cones via amacrine and cone bipolar cell synapses (Belenky et al, 2003;Sollars et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this view is consistent with the coding of different light stimulus attributes by each photoreceptor type (Dacey et al, 2005;Dkhissi-Benyahya et al, 2007), previous in vitro recordings of ipRGCs reveal a greater range of complexity. The melanopsin driven response to light onset is typically sluggish, persists after light offset and is relatively resistant to bleaching (Berson et al, 2002;Warren et al, 2003;Dacey et al, 2005;Wong et al, 2005). This contrasts with phasic cone-driven ON-OFF responses present in ipRGCs, consisting of transient increases or decreases in activity that are highly reduced by light bleaching exposures (Dacey et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Responses of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons to Light and Dark Adaptation: Relative Contributions of Melanopsin and Rod–Cone Inputs

Drouyer¹,

Rieux²,

Hut³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Responses of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons to Light and Dark Adaptation: Relative Contributions of Melanopsin and Rod–Cone Inputs

Drouyer¹,

Rieux²,

Hut³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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Central projections of melanopsin‐expressing retinal ganglion cells in the mouse

Hattar

Kumar

Park

et al. 2006

J of Comparative Neurology

838

1,093

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A rare type of ganglion cell in mammalian retina is directly photosensitive. These novel retinal photoreceptors express the photopigment melanopsin. They send axons directly to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), and olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), thereby contributing to photic synchronization of circadian rhythms and the pupillary light reflex. Here, we sought to characterize more fully the projections of these cells to the brain. By targeting tau-lacZ to the melanopsin gene locus in mice, ganglion cells that would normally express melanopsin were induced to express, instead, the marker enzyme beta-galactosidase. Their axons were visualized by X-gal histochemistry or anti-beta-galactosidase immunofluorescence. Established targets were confirmed, including the SCN, IGL, OPN, ventral division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGv), and preoptic area, but the overall projections were more widespread than previously recognized. Targets included the lateral nucleus, peri-supraoptic nucleus, and subparaventricular zone of the hypothalamus, medial amygdala, margin of the lateral habenula, posterior limitans nucleus, superior colliculus, and periaqueductal gray. There were also weak projections to the margins of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Co-staining with the cholera toxin B subunit to label all retinal afferents showed that melanopsin ganglion cells provide most of the retinal input to the SCN, IGL, and lateral habenula and much of that to the OPN, but that other ganglion cells do contribute at least some retinal input to these targets. Staining patterns after monocular enucleation revealed that the projections of these cells are overwhelmingly crossed except for the projection to the SCN, which is bilaterally symmetrical.

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Morphology and mosaics of melanopsin‐expressing retinal ganglion cell types in mice

Berson

Castrucci

Provencio

2010

J of Comparative Neurology

187

281

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Melanopsin is the photopigment of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Melanopsin immunoreactivity reveals two dendritic plexuses within the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and morphologically heterogeneous retinal ganglion cells. Using enhanced immunohistochemistry, we provide a fuller description of murine cell types expressing melanopsin, their contribution to the plexuses of melanopsin dendrites, and mosaics formed by each type. M1 cells, corresponding to the originally described ganglion-cell photoreceptors, occupy the ganglion cell or inner nuclear layers. Their large, sparsely branched arbors (mean diameter 275 µm) monostratify at the outer limit of the OFF sublayer. M2 cells also have large, monostratified dendritic arbors (mean diameter 310 µm), but ramify in the inner third of the IPL, within the ON sublayer. There are approximately 900 M1 cells and 800 M2 cells per retina; each type comprises roughly 1–2% of all ganglion cells. The cell bodies of M1 cells are slightly smaller than those of M2 cells (mean diameters: 13 µm for M1, 15 µm for M2). Dendritic field overlap is extensive within each type (coverage factors ~3.8 for M1 and 2.5 for M2 cells). Rare bistratified cells deploy terminal dendrites within both melanopsin-immunoreactive plexuses. Because these are too sparsely distributed to permit complete retinal tiling, they lack a key feature of true ganglion cell types and may be anomalous hybrids of the M1 and M2 types. Finally, we observed weak melanopsin immunoreactivity in other ganglion cells, mostly with large somata, that may constitute one or more additional types of melanopsin-expressing cells.

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Intrinsic light responses of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the circadian system

Cited by 114 publications

References 35 publications

Responses of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons to Light and Dark Adaptation: Relative Contributions of Melanopsin and Rod–Cone Inputs

Responses of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons to Light and Dark Adaptation: Relative Contributions of Melanopsin and Rod–Cone Inputs

Central projections of melanopsin‐expressing retinal ganglion cells in the mouse

Morphology and mosaics of melanopsin‐expressing retinal ganglion cell types in mice

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