Intrinsic Halide Segregation at Nanometer Scale Determines the High Efficiency of Mixed Cation/Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Gratia, Paul; Grancini, Giulia; Audinot, Jean‐Nicolas; Jeanbourquin, Xavier A.; Mosconi, Edoardo; Zimmermann, Iwan; Dowsett, David; Lee, Yonghui; Grätzel, Michaël; Angelis, Filippo De; Sivula, Kevin; Wirtz, Tom; Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja

doi:10.1021/jacs.6b10049

Cited by 191 publications

(203 citation statements)

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“…4c. This represents an important proof of concept that paves the way to further stabilize the high efficiency (beyond 21%) mesoporous solar cells based on a mixed halide composition23738. Using the 2D/3D perovskite compared to the standard 3D CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , the efficiency is maintained up to 60% of the initial value after 300 h continuous illumination under argon atmosphere, more stable than the standard 3D perovskite (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…5c in the first 500 h of the stability test. This can be due to concomitant effects such as light or field induced ion movement with the associated structural rearrangement, light-induced trap formation, or interfacial charge accumulation that can alter the device behaviour (and also cause the device hysteresis), at present under intense scrutiny374344. Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering

et al. 2017

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Despite the impressive photovoltaic performances with power conversion efficiency beyond 22%, perovskite solar cells are poorly stable under operation, failing by far the market requirements. Various technological approaches have been proposed to overcome the instability problem, which, while delivering appreciable incremental improvements, are still far from a market-proof solution. Here we show one-year stable perovskite devices by engineering an ultra-stable 2D/3D (HOOC(CH2)4NH3)2PbI4/CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite junction. The 2D/3D forms an exceptional gradually-organized multi-dimensional interface that yields up to 12.9% efficiency in a carbon-based architecture, and 14.6% in standard mesoporous solar cells. To demonstrate the up-scale potential of our technology, we fabricate 10 × 10 cm2 solar modules by a fully printable industrial-scale process, delivering 11.2% efficiency stable for >10,000 h with zero loss in performances measured under controlled standard conditions. This innovative stable and low-cost architecture will enable the timely commercialization of perovskite solar cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering

et al. 2017

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“…[3] However, the perovskites with mixed halides compositions tend to be phase-segregated into iodide and bromide-rich phases under light illumination which were recently reported in MAPb(Br x I 1−x ) 3 , (FAPbI 3 ) 0.85 (MAPbBr 3 ) 0. [5] Ion migration accompanying with phase Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells with mixed cations and mixed halides have achieved impressive power conversion efficiency of up to 22.1%. [5] Ion migration accompanying with phase Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells with mixed cations and mixed halides have achieved impressive power conversion efficiency of up to 22.1%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Segregation Enhanced Ion Movement in Efficient Inorganic CsPbIBr₂ Solar Cells

Rothmann

Liu

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells with mixed cations and mixed halides have achieved impressive power conversion efficiency of up to 22.1%. Phase segregation due to the mixed compositions has attracted wide concerns, and their nature and origin are still unclear. Some very useful analytical techniques are controversial in microstructural and chemical analyses due to electron beam‐induced damage to the “soft” hybrid perovskite materials. In this study photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence, and transmission electron microscopy are used to study charge carrier recombination and retrieve crystallographic and compositional information for all‐inorganic CsPbIBr2 films on the nanoscale. It is found that under light and electron beam illumination, “iodide‐rich” CsPbI(1+x)Br(2−x) phases form at grain boundaries as well as segregate as clusters inside the film. Phase segregation generates a high density of mobile ions moving along grain boundaries as ion migration “highways.” Finally, these mobile ions can pile up at the perovskite/TiO2 interface resulting in formation of larger injection barriers, hampering electron extraction and leading to strong current density–voltage hysteresis in the polycrystalline perovskite solar cells. This explains why the planar CsPbIBr2 solar cells exhibit significant hysteresis in efficiency measurements, showing an efficiency of up to 8.02% in the reverse scan and a reduced efficiency of 4.02% in the forward scan, and giving a stabilized efficiency of 6.07%.

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“…[88] This result coincides with previous XBIC reported on PSCs, where thicker layers correspond to higher recombination dynamics. [117,118] This means, that according to these synchrotron-based imaging results, Cl does not affect directly in increasing or decreasing the electronic performance of the material.…”

Section: Wwwadvancedsciencenewscommentioning

confidence: 66%

Imaging and Mapping Characterization Tools for Perovskite Solar Cells

Hidalgo

Castro‐Méndez

Correa‐Baena

2019

Advanced Energy Materials

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define the perovskite structure, decreases below 0.8 and orthorhombic, rhombohedral, or tetragonal structures tend to form. For large A-cations, layered 2D [3] and 1D [4] chain structures can be formed, e.g., Ruddlesden-Popper, Aurivillius, and Dion-Jacobson phases. Both 3D and 2D perovskites have gained the attention of the solar cell community.Lead halide perovskites are outstanding semiconductors with impressive optoelectronic properties, such as high absorption coefficient, tunable band gap, and long charge carrier lifetimes. Despite having such impressive properties, there is still a need for deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms of the perovskite materials in order to make PSCs viable for outdoor applications and commercialization. [5,6] Currently, a major challenge facing perovskites is their long-term stability, due to their sensitivity to temperature, moisture, oxygen, and ultraviolet (UV) light. [6] Furthermore, chemical and electronic stability, compositional, and crystal homogeneity in the absorber layer of PSCs are parameters that allow us to understand and ensure the maximum PCE and long-term durability of the devices.Imaging and mapping characterization techniques allow researchers to obtain insights of the nano-and microscale features related to their chemical and electronic properties, which in turn limit PSC performance and long-term durability. This review will focus on the progress of the imaging and mapping techniques that have been used understanding and designing perovskite materials. This comprehensive review will span from basic morphology characterization methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to advanced, synchrotron-based characterization using X-ray microscopy, such as X-ray fluorescence for compositional mapping, and X-ray beam induced current (XBIC) for electric performance mapping. Different imaging and mapping tools allow for correlations of different physical, chemical, optical and electrical features in space and time. These characterization techniques have helped explain phenomena that govern perovskite materials, including chemical and electrical properties and how they relate to solar cell performance. The following table summarizes the different imaging and mapping characterization techniques and their use for PSCs research.Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention as efficiencies have gone beyond 24%. To achieve these impressive numbers, the PSC scientific community is working to improve the perovskite optoelectronic properties. Imaging and mapping characterization techniques have been widely used to understand the fundamental properties that allow lead halide perovskites to achieve high performance. In this review, these techniques are evaluated, from simple tools, such as electron microscopy, to more complex systems that include atomic force microscopy, synchrotron-based X-ray mapping, and ultrafast and photoluminescence mapping. These tools have helped understand lead halide perovskites and their impressive optoelectronic prope...

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Intrinsic Halide Segregation at Nanometer Scale Determines the High Efficiency of Mixed Cation/Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 191 publications

References 21 publications

One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering

One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering

Phase Segregation Enhanced Ion Movement in Efficient Inorganic CsPbIBr₂ Solar Cells

Imaging and Mapping Characterization Tools for Perovskite Solar Cells

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Intrinsic Halide Segregation at Nanometer Scale Determines the High Efficiency of Mixed Cation/Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 191 publications

References 21 publications

One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering

One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering

Phase Segregation Enhanced Ion Movement in Efficient Inorganic CsPbIBr2 Solar Cells

Imaging and Mapping Characterization Tools for Perovskite Solar Cells

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Product

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Phase Segregation Enhanced Ion Movement in Efficient Inorganic CsPbIBr₂ Solar Cells