One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering

Abstract

Despite the impressive photovoltaic performances with power conversion efficiency beyond 22%, perovskite solar cells are poorly stable under operation, failing by far the market requirements. Various technological approaches have been proposed to overcome the instability problem, which, while delivering appreciable incremental improvements, are still far from a market-proof solution. Here we show one-year stable perovskite devices by engineering an ultra-stable 2D/3D (HOOC(CH2)4NH3)2PbI4/CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite junction. The 2D/3D forms an exceptional gradually-organized multi-dimensional interface that yields up to 12.9% efficiency in a carbon-based architecture, and 14.6% in standard mesoporous solar cells. To demonstrate the up-scale potential of our technology, we fabricate 10 × 10 cm2 solar modules by a fully printable industrial-scale process, delivering 11.2% efficiency stable for >10,000 h with zero loss in performances measured under controlled standard conditions. This innovative stable and low-cost architecture will enable the timely commercialization of perovskite solar cells.

Low‐Dimensional Perovskites: From Synthesis to Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Hence, to improve perovskite stability, 2D and 3D perovskites with various-sized cations were used to create multidimensional perovskite with improved photovoltaic performance as well as excellent stability. [54] For instance, in 2D/3D multidimensional perovskite, the long alkyl chain cations in the 2D perovskite function as moisture shields, while in 3D perovskite they facilitate the optical electric transfer. The 2D/3D multidimensional perovskite is defined as M 2 A n−1 B n X 3n+1 , where M is a large cation; A is MA, FA, or Cs; B is Pb or tin (Sn); X is a halide anion, namely, I, Br, or Cl; and n is a number of layers of metal halide sheets.…”

“…In very recent work by our group, we synthesized low-dimensional perovskite via a protonated salt (AVAI:PbI 2 ) and later engineered 2D/3D multidimensional perovskite by mixing AVAI:PbI 2 and CH 3 NH 3 I:PbI 2 precursors (Figure 9). [54] It is anticipated before solidification, restructuring of the elements in the thin film via the penetration of the mixed solution into the mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ). In our study, we demonstrated the role of 2D perovskite, anchored to mesoporous scaffold which exhibited an extremely stable large-area device over >10 000 h without any potential loss.…”

“…[51][52][53] Also, our group has recently successfully prepared a low-dimensional mixed 2D/3D perovskite using the protonated salt of amino valeric acid iodide (AVAI) as an organic precursor mixed with PbI 2 , in which a yellowish film was containing needle-like crystallite formed. [54] In this topical review, we present the latest advances in the synthesis of low-dimensional perovskites and the growth mechanism to develop a strategy to achieve best performing devices. Later, we focus the instability and a cost-effective solution to circumvent this problem, which is vital for the eventual deployment of perovskite solar cells to consumers market.…”

Evaluation of multiple cation/anion perovskite solar cells through life cycle assessment

“…[3][4][5] However, in order to produce them at a large scale, stability and reproducibility issues must be overcome. [6][7][8][9] Thus far, much research on PSCs has been oriented towards compositional engineering. [3][4][5]10 Perovskites with outstanding photovoltaic properties have a distinctive structure, composed by three atoms according to the formula ABX 3 , where A corresponds to a monovalent organic/inorganic cation, B corresponds to a divalent inorganic cation (commonly Pb) and X corresponds to a halide anion (Cl, Br and I).…”

Research Update: Bismuth-based perovskite-inspired photovoltaic materials

“…1,2 Although the lead-halide perovskites originally investigated (methylammonium lead iodide/bromide) have limited air-stability, 1,3 recently-investigated compositions containing Cs, formamidinium and two-dimensional perovskites have demonstrated over 1000 h device stability. 4,5 However, there is debate over the environmental and commercial impact of the lead content, 6 motivating efforts to find lead-free alternatives. 7 Many groups searching for lead-free alternatives to lead-halide perovskites have investigated chemical substitution of Pb 2+ for neighboring elements, such as Sn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Sb 3+ , and Bi 3+ .…”